北中寒
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唐代]：李贺
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一方黑照三方紫，黄河冰合鱼龙死。
三尺木皮断文理，百石强车上河水。
霜花草上大如钱，挥刀不入迷濛天。
争瀯海水飞凌喧，山瀑无声玉虹悬。
北中寒译文及注释
译文
一方灰暗，三方天色皆成紫。黄河冰冻，成片鱼龙皆困死。
三尺木皮冻裂，辨不清纹理。百石大车上路，在冰面行驶。
霜花降落衰草，凝成铜钱大的霜簇。挥刀舞剑向天，难割破灰蒙蒙天色。
海上波涛回旋激荡，积冰哗哗作响。山谷瀑布凝结失声，如白虹悬半空。
注释
一方：指的是北方。照：辐射。
三尺木皮：这里说三尺是夸张，由于寒冷冰冻，把三尺厚的木皮冻断。百石（dàn）：古人百斤为石。强车：坚固的兵车。这里指装载沉重的大车。
霜花：冰雪凝结在草上。挥刀句：说北方冬天大雾迷漫，似浓厚的布幔，挥刀也不能进入。
争瀯（yíng）：波涛激荡，洄漩。飞凌喧，海上的流冰相互碰击，发出喧闹的声音。飞凌，流冰。凌：冰。
参考资料：
1、闵泽平.李贺全集[M].湖北:崇文书局,2015(7):321-322
2、梁超然.三书斋文存·第三卷·古代文学研究(三)[M].广西:广西人民出版社,2010(7):232-233
北中寒创作背景
元和七年冬，吐蕃进攻泾州，皇帝发兵御吐蕃。时值隆冬，俱发兵奔赴前线。李贺写此诗记此事。
参考资料：
1、李力.李贺诗选注[M].吉林:吉林文史出版社,2000(1):120-121.
北中寒鉴赏
诗描摹北地寒冷之状。北方的天空如此阴寒晦暗，连其他三方都被映带成了神秘的紫色，给人以威压之感。天气奇寒，千里黄河冰封成一大块，万斤重的车辆也可以在上面往来奔驰，水下的鱼龙恐怕都被冻死了。三尺厚的树皮皲裂开来，它也抵挡不住严寒。浓厚的雾气将天空遮蔽得结结实实，似乎连刀也插不进去。草木上凝结的冰花，硕大如铜钱一般。海水中也有不少的冰块，在汹涌的波涛中碰撞激荡，发出清脆的声响。山间的瀑布冻成了白虹，无声地悬挂在高空。诗中虽多夸饰想象之词，但亦当有所亲历感受，或是北上潞州后所作。所谓“死”等字眼，只是用来形容奇寒之状，未必与国事或诗人自己的处境与心情有关。
首句“一方黑照三方紫”总写北中天色阴沉的感觉。天下分东、南、西、北四方，而北中这一方昏暗的天色竟将其余三方的天空映成了紫色。诗人用一个“黑”字即点明寒冬之意，提纲挈领，为全诗奠定隆冬酷寒的基调。余下七句为分写，除第三句外，诗人都选取了与水有关的事物，以水遇冷凝结成雾、霜、冰来突出北中的寒冷。天寒地冻，黄河冰封，三尺厚的树木表皮都被冻裂了，河水冻成结实的冰面能通过装着百斤重石头的车，落在枯草上的霜花大小如铜钱一般，迷雾浓重得刀砍不入；海面上漂浮着巨大的冰块，瀑布哗哗的流水停止了且冻结成一条玉带悬在山间。
迷雾飞霜、冰冻的河水、浮冰的海面、冻结的瀑布，天地间充斥着凛冽的寒气，没有一字直言“寒”却让人顿生寒意。细细读来，其中许多处描写超乎常理却别出心裁。如“黄河冰合鱼龙死”中一个“死”字便将冬天河水结冰，群鱼沉于冰下，冰面悄无声息的那种死寂刻画得入木三分，“死”描写的不是鱼龙死去，而是指寒冬的静寂；又如“挥刀不入迷漾天”一句则以极夸张的手法表现了北中雾气弥漫的情景。
谋篇布局，在散乱中见经营，是这首诗的一个显著特点。全诗没有情节贯穿，甚至也没有时间流，全由片断的景色联结而成。然而诗人也有意匠经营。在全诗写景中，首句提纲挈领。以下各句，虽说没有明显的逻辑联系，然而除“三尺木皮断文理”外，都是写天地间水文变幻所构成的种种不同奇观，而这正是严寒统治的世界的特点。这些景观次第是冰封的黄河及河上的行车、钱大的霜花、浓厚的雾幔、浮冰充斥的海洋、冻结了的飞瀑等等，既真实，又揉合了诗人奇异的想象，从而把读者带进了一个奇异的冰雪世界。那里天是黑的、地是亮的，宛如一座神秘的水晶王国，人会感到寒冷，更会感到超出寒冷百倍的惊讶和愉快。
遣词设喻，于无理处得奇趣，是此诗的另一个显著特点。如果读者拘泥于常识，自然常识和语法常识，那么就会对《北中寒》的诗句逐一加以“订正”：黄河冰合时，应是鱼龙潜底。说“鱼龙死”，没有道理。《汉书》谓“胡貉之地，阴积之处，木皮三寸”，不是“三尺”；是“百石重车”，不是“强车”；是“上河冰”，不是“上河水”；迷露可说挥刀难破，不是“不入”。然而所有这些无论从事理上还是措辞上对常规的违逆，都包含着独创的匠心，都是出奇制胜。“鱼龙死”意味着河水全体冻结，注重表现异乎寻常的严寒，无理而有趣。“百石强车上河水”的“水”即是“冰”，但用“水”字则取得了一种令人惊异的效果。“抽刀断水水更流”虽更近乎常理，而“挥刀不入迷濛天”则别有神奇之感，可见那北国之雾特别的稠密。虹本有七彩，而“玉虹”的铸辞，更强调冻瀑的透明，而透明中亦能折射出不同的色光，给读者十分奇异的语感。
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郎士元《
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冬夕寄青龙寺源公》
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李白《
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冬日归旧山》
李贺简介
唐代·李贺的简介
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李贺（约公元791年-约817年），字长吉，汉族，唐代河南福昌（今河南洛阳宜阳县）人，家居福昌昌谷，后世称李昌谷，是唐宗室郑王李亮后裔。有“诗鬼”之称，是与“诗圣”杜甫、“诗仙”李白、“诗佛”王维相齐名的唐代著名诗人。著有《昌谷集》。李贺是中唐的浪漫主义诗人，与李白、李商隐称为唐代三李。有“‘太白仙才，长吉鬼才’之说。李贺是继屈原、李白之后，中国文学史上又一位颇享盛誉的浪漫主义诗人。李贺长期的抑郁感伤，焦思苦吟的生活方式，元和八年（813年）因病辞去奉礼郎回昌谷，27岁英年早逝。
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九日追和虞太史韵东徐佥宪叔明
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刘崧
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莫叹飘零万里身，尊前相见即相亲。黄花翠竹来江外，紫蟹银鱼出海滨。
雁度石门云气近，乌啼金井露花新。不辞令节成欢醉，总是登高能赋人。