对雪
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唐代]：杜甫
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战哭多新鬼，愁吟独老翁。
瓢弃尊无绿，炉存火似红。
对雪译文及注释
译文
战场上哭泣的大多是新死去兵士的鬼魂，只有老人一个人忧愁地吟诗。
乱云低低的在黄昏的地方，急下的雪花在风中飘舞回旋。
葫芦丢弃了，酒器中没有酒，火炉中的余火，好似照得眼前一片通红。
前线战况和妻子弟妹的消息都无从获悉，忧愁坐着用手在空中划着字。
注释
战哭：指在战场上哭泣的士兵。新鬼：新死去士兵的鬼魂。《左传·文公二年》：“吾见新鬼大故鬼小。”
愁吟：哀吟。唐薛能《西县作》诗：“从此渐知光景异，锦都回首尽愁吟。”
旋风。《楚辞·九章·悲回风》：“悲回风之摇蕙兮，心冤结而内伤。”
瓢：葫芦，古人诗文中习称为瓢，通常拿来盛茶酒的。弃：一作“弄”。樽：又作“尊”，似壶而口大，盛酒器。句中以酒的绿色代替酒字。
愁坐：含忧默坐。唐李白《酬崔五郎中》诗：“奈何怀良图，郁悒独愁坐。”书空：是晋人殷浩的典故，意思是忧愁无聊，用手在空中划着字。唐李公佐《谢小娥传》：“余遂请齐公书于纸。乃凭槛书空，凝思默虑。”
参考资料：
1、彭定求 等．全唐诗（上）．上海：上海古籍出版社，1986：545
2、萧涤非．杜甫研究 （下卷）．济南：山东人民出版社，1957：48
对雪创作背景
此诗是杜甫在唐肃宗至德元载（756年）冬陷居长安时所作。杜甫在写这首诗之前不久，泥古不化的宰相房琯率领唐军在陈陶斜和青坂与安禄山叛军展开大战，大败，死伤几万人。长安失陷时，诗人逃到半路就被叛军抓住，解回长安。
参考资料：
1、卢国琛．杜甫诗醇．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2006：328
2、萧涤非 等．唐诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1983：452-453
对雪鉴赏
此诗一二句中“战哭多新鬼”，正暗点了这个使人伤痛的事实。房琯既败，收复长安暂时没有希望，不能不给诗人平添一层愁苦，又不能随便向人倾诉。所以上句用一“多”字，以见心情的沉重；下句“愁吟独老翁”，就用一“独”字，以见环境的险恶。
三、四句中“乱云低薄暮，急雪舞回风”，正面写出题目。先写黄昏时的乱云，次写旋风中乱转的急雪。这样就分出层次，显出题中那个“对”字，暗示诗人独坐斗室，反复愁吟，从乱云欲雪一直呆到急雪回风，满怀愁绪，仿佛和严寒的天气交织融化在一起了。
五、六句中接着写诗人贫寒交困的景况。“瓢弃樽无绿”，写出了诗人困居长安，生活非常艰苦。在苦寒中找不到一滴酒。葫芦早就扔掉，樽里空空如也。“炉存火似红”，也没有多少柴火，剩下来的是勉强照红的余火。这里，诗人不说炉中火已然燃尽，而偏偏要说有“火”，而且还下一“红”字，写得好象炉火熊熊，满室生辉，然后用一“似”字点出幻境。明明是冷不可耐，明明只剩下的是炉中只存余热的灰烬，由于对温暖的渴求，诗人眼前却出现了幻象：炉中燃起了熊熊的火，照得眼前一片通红。这样的以幻作真的描写，非常深刻地挖出了诗人此时内心世界的隐秘。这是在一种渴求满足的心理驱使下出现的幻象。这样来刻画严寒难忍，比之“炉冷如冰”之类，有着不可以拟的深度。因为它不仅没有局限于对客观事物的如实描写，而且融进了诗人本身的主观情感，恰当地把诗人所要表现的思想感情表现出来，做到了既有现实感，又有浪漫感。
七、八句中，诗人再归结到对于时局的忧念。至德元载（756年）至二载（757年），唐王朝和安禄山、史思明等的战争，在黄河中游一带地区进行，整个形势对唐军仍然不利。诗人陷身长安，前线战况和妻子弟妹的消息都无从获悉，所以说“数州消息断”，而以“愁坐正书空”结束全诗。这首诗表现了杜甫对国家和亲人的命运深切关怀而又无从着力的苦恼心情。
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上一首：
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洪升《
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雪望》
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下一首：
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白居易《
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夜雪》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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