杂说四·马说
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唐代]：韩愈
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世有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马常有，而伯乐不常有。故虽有名马，祇辱于奴隶人之手，骈死于槽枥之间，不以千里称也。(祇辱一作：只辱)
马之千里者，一食或尽粟一石。食马者不知其能千里而食也。是马也，虽有千里之能，食不饱，力不足，才美不外见，且欲与常马等不可得，安求其能千里也？(食马者通：饲)
策之不以其道，食之不能尽其材，鸣之而不能通其意，执策而临之，曰：“天下无马！”呜呼！其真无马邪？其真不知马也！
杂说四·马说译文及注释
译文
世上（先）有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马经常有，但是伯乐不常有。所以即使有名贵的马，只是辱没在仆役的手中，（跟普通的马）一同死在槽枥之间，不以千里马著称。
（日行）千里的马，吃一顿有时能吃完一石粮食。喂马的人不知道它能（日行）千里而（像普通的马一样）来喂养它。这样的马，虽然有（日行）千里的能力，但吃不饱，力气不足，才能和美德不能表现在外面。想要和普通的马一样尚且做不到，怎么能够要求它（日行）千里呢?
不按照（驱使千里马的）正确方法鞭打它，喂养它却不能竭尽它的才能，听千里马嘶鸣，却不能通晓它的意思，拿着鞭子面对它，说："天下没有千里马！"唉，难道真的没有千里马吗？大概是真的不认识千里马吧！
注释
伯乐：孙阳。春秋时人，擅长相（xiàng）马（现指能够发现人才的人）。
千里马：原指善跑的骏马，可以日行千里。现在常用来比喻人才；特指有才华的人。
而：表转折。可是，但是。
故虽有名马：所以即使有名贵的马。故：因此 。 虽：即使。名：名贵的。
祗辱于奴隶人之手： 也只能在马夫的手里受到屈辱（或埋没）。祗（zhǐ）：只是。奴隶人：古代也指仆役，这里指喂马的人。
辱：这里指受屈辱而埋没才能。
骈（pián）死于槽（cáo）枥（lì）之间：（和普通的马）一同死在马厩里。骈，两马并驾。骈死：并列而死。于：在。槽枥：喂牲口用的食器，引申为马厩。
不以千里称也：不因日行千里而著名。指马的千里之能被埋没。以：用。 称：出名。
马之千里者：之，定语后置的标志。
一食：吃一顿。食，吃。
或：有时。
尽全，这里作动词用，是“吃尽”的意思。
粟（sù）：本指小米，也泛指粮食。
石（dàn），容量单位，十斗为一石，一石约等于一百二十斤。三十斤为钧,四钧为石。
食马者：食，通“饲”，喂。
其：指千里马，代词。
是：这样，指示代词。
虽：虽然（与前面的虽不一样，这里指虽然)
能：本领。
足：足够。
才 ：才能。
美：美好的素质。
外见（xiàn）：表现在外面。 见：通“现”，表现；显现。
且：犹，尚且。
欲：想要。
等：等同，一样。
不可得：不能够得到。得：能，表示客观条件允许。
安：怎么，哪里，疑问代词。
求：要求。
策之：驱使它。策：马鞭，引申为鞭打，这里指鞭策，驾驭。之：代词，指千里马。
以其道：按照（驱使千里马的）正确的方法。以：按照。道：正确的方法。
食之：食，通“饲”，喂。
尽其材：竭尽它的才能。这里指喂饱马，使它日行千里的能力充分发挥出来。 材：通“才”，才能。尽（2）：竭尽，发挥出。
鸣：马嘶。
通其意：通晓它的意思。
执：拿。
策：马鞭。
临：面对。
呜呼：表示惊叹，相当于“唉”。
其（1）：难道，表反问语气。
其（2）：大概，表推测语气。
邪：通“耶”，表示疑问的语气词，意为“吗”
知：懂得，了解，认识。
参考资料：
1、陈国林 ．高中生必背古诗文 ：龙门书局出版社 ，2012年8月 ：121-123 ．
杂说四·马说创作背景
《马说》大约作于贞元十一年至十六年之间。其时，韩愈初登仕途，很不得志。曾经三次上书宰相求擢用，但结果是“待命”40余日，而“志不得通”，“足三及门，而阍人辞焉。”尽管如此，他仍然声明自己“有忧天下之心”，不会遁迹山林。
杂说四·马说鉴赏
《马说》是一篇说理文，似寓言而实非寓言，用比喻说理却并未把所持的论点正面说穿，没有把个人意见强加给读者。通过形象思维来描述千里马的遭遇，提出事实，省却了讲大道理的笔墨，作者利用了古汉语中虚词（语助词、感叹词和连接词），体现出一唱三叹的滋味和意境。伯乐的典故几次被韩愈引用（见韩愈所作的《为人求荐书》及《送温处士赴河阳序》），可见韩愈命运的坎坷。
《马说》的第一句是大前提：“世有伯乐然后有千里马”。这个命题不合逻辑。因为存在决定意识，伯乐善相马的知识和经验，必须从社会上（或说自然界）存在着大量的千里马身上取得，然后逐渐总结出来的。所以有人认为韩愈这句话是本末倒置，是唯心主义的。从唯物主义原则来看，这句话是错误的。韩愈把它作为语言，却是发人深省的警句，是名言。因为世上有伯乐这种知识和本领的人太少。于是作者在下文正面点明主旨，把千里马的无限委屈倾诉出来。正由于“伯乐不常有”，不少的千里马不仅找不到一个好的牧马人，而是“祇辱于奴隶人之手”，受无知小人的腌气。这些宝马死于槽枥之间，其遭遇不幸、结局悲惨。没有把这些马当做千里马，千里马的死也是毫无所谓的了。“不以千里称也”，包含着这样的意思：连同情它们的人都没有，更谈不上对千里马的死表示遗憾、惋惜和悔恨痛心了。从文章表面看，作者说得透彻，却有很多辛酸痛楚还没有吐露，看似奔放，实则内涵丰富。
作者刻画“食马者”与千里马之间的矛盾，两相对照，既写出千里马的抑郁不平，也写出不识真才者的愚昧专横。千里马在无人给它创造有利的客观条件时，有时欲一展所长却有力无处使，最后到了无力可使的程度，连一匹普通马也比不上，实现不了日行千里的功能，因此待遇也就比不上一匹“常马”。受辱和屈死也就不足为奇，不会引起人们的注意了。由于食马者的原因，千里马不能恪尽职守，还会受到责难和惩罚，往往被痛打一顿在待遇上也就越加糟糕（食之不能尽其材）。表面看“食马者”不是伯乐，不懂马语，却蕴涵着怀才不遇的人面对那些愚昧专横的统治者就是申诉也无用这一层意思。
文章写到这里，作者还觉得不够，又接着用“鸣之而不能通其意”，从“人”的方面再做深入一层的刻画。使文章生动深刻，也表现出作者的愤激。作者并没有立即谴责这种不识马的“人”，反而让他面对着千里马不懂装懂，还说“天下无马”。意思是说，这样的“人”在主观动机方面还是不错的，他并非不想选拔人才，并非没有求贤用贤之心，无奈贤人贤才太“少”了。明明是“人”的主观上出了问题，却把这种局面的形成推给客观条件的不如意、不理想。眼前就是一匹千里马，食马者却对着千里马发出了“天下无马”的慨叹，认为这不过是一匹连常马也不如的马。这是作者的讽刺。文章写至此处，作者立即点明主题，用呜呼！其真无马邪（yé）？其真不知马也！结束，把“无马”和“不知马”这一矛盾形成一个高潮。这是韩愈凝聚浓缩手法的结果。
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司马迁《
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陈涉世家》
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刘向 撰《
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唐雎不辱使命》
韩愈简介
唐代·韩愈的简介
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韩愈（768～824）字退之，唐代文学家、哲学家、思想家，河阳（今河南省焦作孟州市）人，汉族。祖籍河北昌黎，世称韩昌黎。晚年任吏部侍郎，又称韩吏部。谥号“文”，又称韩文公。他与柳宗元同为唐代古文运动的倡导者，主张学习先秦两汉的散文语言，破骈为散，扩大文言文的表达功能。宋代苏轼称他“文起八代之衰”，明人推他为唐宋八大家之首，与柳宗元并称“韩柳”，有“文章巨公”和“百代文宗”之名，作品都收在《昌黎先生集》里。韩愈在思想上是中国“道统”观念的确立者，是尊儒反佛的里程碑式人物。
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山中甲子无春夏，四月才开二月花。
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和严道培书院韵 其一
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宋代：
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米芾
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城头山脚旧图开，华构凌云亦壮哉。谈席昔人文献地，升堂此日豫章材。
弦歌化里清风动，麟凤天南紫气来。独奈岩阿丛桂冷，幽栖不是伟长才。
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雨水过后作
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：
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熊东遨
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昨夜馀寒敛，春开雨水门。露生芳草苑，人约板桥村。
待雪前因失，寻梅旧迹存。孤灯坐侵晓，不觉上朝暾。
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珍禽亭
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唐代：
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胡宿
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仁人坐高斋，忘机宅真粹。鱼鸟沐馀恩，树石蒙善气。
珍哉岛上禽，托身良得地。
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和丹岩以青溪至有作
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：
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卫宗武
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故人未到欠诗催，才到九山云为开。
野鹤正思寻老伴，盟鸥亦竞喜朋来。