秦楚之际月表
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两汉]：司马迁
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太史公读秦楚之际，曰：初作难，发于陈涉；虐戾灭秦自项氏；拨乱诛暴，平定海内，卒践帝祚，成于汉家。五年之间，号令三嬗，自生民以来，未始有受命若斯之亟也！
昔虞、夏之兴，积善累功数十年，德洽百姓，摄行政事，考之于天，然后在位。汤、武之王，乃由契、后稷，修仁行义十余世，不期而会孟津八百诸侯，犹以为未可，其后乃放弑。秦起襄公，章于文、缪，献、孝之后，稍以蚕食六国，百有余载，至始皇乃能并冠带之伦。以德若彼，用力如此，盖一统若斯之难也！
秦既称帝，患兵革不休，以有诸侯也，于是无尺土之封，堕坏名城，销锋镝，锄豪杰，维万世之安。然王迹之兴，起于闾巷，合从讨伐，轶于三代。乡秦之禁，适足以资贤者为驱除难耳，故奋发其所为天下雄，安在无土不王？此乃传之所谓大圣乎？岂非天哉？岂非天哉？非大圣孰能当此受命而帝者乎？
秦楚之际月表译文及注释
译文
太史公研读关于秦楚之际的记载，说：最早发难的是陈涉，残酷暴戾地灭掉秦朝的是项羽，拨乱反正、诛除凶暴、平定天下、终于登上帝位、取得成功的是汉家。五年之间，号令变更了三次，自从有人类以来，帝王受天命的变更，还不曾有这样急促的。
当初虞舜、夏禹兴起的时候，他们积累善行和功劳的时间长达几十年，百姓都受到他们恩德的润泽，他们代行君主的政事，还要受到上天的考验，然后才即位。商汤、周武称王是由契、后稷开始讲求仁政，实行德义，经历了十几代，到周武王时，竟然没有约定就有八百诸侯到孟津相会，他们还认为时机不到。从那时以后，才放逐了夏桀，杀了殷纣王。秦国自襄公时兴起，在文公、穆公时显示出强大的力量，到献公、孝公之后，逐步侵占六国的土地。经历了一百多年以后，到了始皇帝才兼并了六国诸侯。实行德治像虞、夏、汤、武那样，使用武力像秦国这样，才能成功，统一天下是如此艰难！
秦称帝之后，忧虑过去的战争所以不断，是由于有诸侯的缘故，因此，对功臣、宗室连一尺土地都没有分封，而且毁坏有名的城池，销毁刀箭，铲除各地的豪强势力，打算保持万世帝业的安定。然而帝王的功业，兴起于民间，天下英雄豪杰互相联合，讨伐暴秦，气势超过了三代。从前秦国的那些禁令，恰好用来资助贤能的人排除创业的患难而已。因此，发奋有为而成为天下的英雄，怎么能说没有封地便不能成为帝王呢？这就是上天把帝位传给所说的大圣吧！这难道不是天意吗？这难道不是天意吗？如果不是大圣，谁能在这乱世承受天命建立帝业呢！
注释
1.秦：
指秦二世胡亥。楚：指西楚霸王项羽。表：是《史记》创立的一种体例，它用表格的形式来表述历史人物和历史事实。《史记》中的表一般为年表，因秦楚之际天下未定，变化很快，就采取按月记述，把当时发生的大事列为月表。
2.太史公：
司马迁自称。因司马迁曾任汉太史令，所以自称太史公。作难（nàn）：作乱；造反。陈涉：名胜，字涉，阳城（今河南省登封县东南）人。他同吴广首先起兵反秦，是我国古代著名的农民起义领袖。
3.虐戾（nüèlì）：
残暴，凶狠。项氏：这里指项羽。项羽，名籍，字羽，下相（今江苏省宿迁县西）人。秦二世时，陈涉首先发难。项羽和叔父项梁起义兵，大破秦军，率领五国诸侯入关灭秦，分封王侯，自称“西楚霸王”。
4.践：
登上，踏上。祚（zuò）：通“阼”，帝位。
5.三嬗：
三次更替。指陈涉、项氏、汉高祖、嬗（shàn），通“禅”。更替，变迁。生民以来：谓有人类以来，即有史以来。斯：这，这样。亟（jí）：急切，急速。也：用在句末，表示坚决的语气。
6.洽：
融洽，悦服。摄行：代理。
7.汤：
即商汤王，名履，放逐夏桀，建立商朝。武：即周武王，姓姬，名发，西伯姬昌之子。诛杀商纣（zhòu），建立周朝。契（xiè）：帝喾之子。虞舜之臣，封于商，赐姓子氏，为商朝的始祖。后稷：虞舜时农官名。弃掌管其事，因亦称弃为后稷，为周朝的始祖。孟津，地名，在今河南省孟县南，又名河阳渡。周武王伐纣，曾在这里会集八百诸侯。《书·武成》：“既戊午，师逾孟津。”放弑（shì）：指商汤王放逐夏桀，周武王诛杀商纣，《孟子·梁惠王下》：“汤放桀，武王伐纣。”
8.襄公：
秦襄公，周平王东迁时始列为诸侯。章：显著，显赫。文、缪（mù）：秦文公、缪公，春秋时候秦国两个国君。缪，一作“穆”。献、孝：秦献公、孝公，战国时期秦国两个国君。蚕食：像蚕吃桑叶般慢慢地吞并。并：兼并。冠带之伦：高冠大带之辈，指六国诸侯。一说，比喻习于礼教的人民，别于夷狄而言。
9.彼：
指虞、夏、商、周。此：指秦。
10.兵革不休以有诸侯：
这是一个表示前果后因的句子，意即“所以兵革不休是因为有诸侯的缘故”。以，因。堕（huī）：毁坏。销：溶化；锋：刀刃。镝（dí）：箭头。维：同“惟”。度量，计算。
11.闾巷：
里巷。合从（zòng）：即“合纵”，谓联合各路军队。轶（yì）：胜过。三代：谓夏、商、周三代。
12.乡：
通“向”。从前。适足以资贤者为驱除难耳：“为”后省宾语“之”（代贤者）。难，谓困难。耳，而已，罢了。无土不王：这里用的是一句古语。
13.“此乃……乎？”句：
相当于现代汉语的“这是……吧？”疑问句。传（zhuàn）：谓书籍记载。
14.“岂非……哉？”句：
相当于现代汉语的“难道不是……吗？”反诘句。用否定表示肯定。
15.“非……孰能……者乎？”句：
相当于现代汉语的“不是……谁能……的呢？”反诘句。
秦楚之际月表鉴赏
《秦楚之际月表》，是司马迁《史记》中的一表。“表”是司马迁在《史记》中创立的一种史书体例，是以表格的形式表现某一时期的史事、人物的。秦楚之际是指秦二世在位时期和项羽统治时期。时间虽短，但事件变化多端，所以按月来记述，称为“月表”。本文是司马迁在《秦楚之际月表》前面所写的序言。这篇序言概括了秦楚之际政治形势的特点：即陈涉发难、项羽灭秦、刘邦称帝，而这些又都是在短促的时间内发生的。文章回顾了历史上一些帝王统一天下的艰难历程，分析了秦楚之际“号令三嬗”，而汉高祖终于称帝的原因，结论有独到之处。
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司马迁《
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外戚世家序》
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司马迁《
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货殖列传序》
司马迁简介
唐代·司马迁的简介
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司马迁（前145年-不可考），字子长，夏阳(今陕西韩城南)人，一说龙门(今山西河津)人。西汉史学家、散文家。司马谈之子，任太史令，因替李陵败降之事辩解而受宫刑，后任中书令。发奋继续完成所著史籍，被后世尊称为史迁、太史公、历史之父。他以其“究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言”的史识创作了中国第一部纪传体通史《史记》（原名《太史公书》）。被公认为是中国史书的典范，该书记载了从上古传说中的黄帝时期，到汉武帝元狩元年，长达3000多年的历史，是“二十五史”之首，被鲁迅誉为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”。
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己卯十月一日至燕越五日罹狴犴有感而赋
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宋代：
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文天祥
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寥阳殿上步黄金，一落颠崖地狱深。
苏武窖中偏喜卧，刘琨囚里不妨吟。
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游小溪浙源山中
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元代：
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赵汸
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旧游何处觅苔矶，水涸山童事事非。忽到小溪深树侧，鸳鸯惊起逐群飞。
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兰亭故居
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宋代：
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王迈
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弭节稽山乐事多，旧闻一一入搜罗。
卧薪伯业今何在，乔木家声久不磨。