马嵬二首
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唐代]：李商隐
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冀马燕犀动地来，自埋红粉自成灰。
君王若道能倾国，玉辇何由过马嵬。
海外徒闻更九州，他生未卜此生休。
空闻虎旅传宵柝，无复鸡人报晓筹。
此日六军同驻马，当时七夕笑牵牛。
如何四纪为天子，不及卢家有莫愁。
马嵬二首译文及注释
译文
风云突变，安禄山举旗造反，叛军震天动地地杀到长安，无可奈何杀死宠爱的妃子，唐玄宗自己不久也抑郁死去。如果说唐玄宗真认为杨贵妃具有倾覆邦国之能，皇帝的玉辇为什么要仓皇地逃往马嵬？
传说，天下九州之外，尚有大九州。恐怕他们的今生，缘分已尽，而来世，尚且未知。相守与分离，有与谁知。回想明皇当年，暂驻马嵬，空闻金沱声，不见宫室繁华。短短几夕间，物是人非，斗转星移。岂料玉颜已成空。胞弟不正，三军怒斩其妹。那夜的天，正如那晚在长生殿嗤笑牛郎织女的天。谁料，竟然连牛郎织女也不如。想来天子也不过如此，连自己心爱的人都无法保护。早知如此，倒不及小家的莫愁女了。
注释
马嵬（wéi）：地名，杨贵妃缢死的地方。《通志》：“马嵬坡，在西安府兴平县二十五里。”《旧唐书·杨贵妃传》：“安禄山叛，潼关失守，从幸至马嵬。禁军大将陈玄礼密启太子诛国忠父子，既而四军不散，曰‘贼本尚在’。指贵妃也。帝不获已，与贵妃诀，遂缢死于佛室，时年三十八。”
冀马：古冀州之北所产的马，亦泛指马。燕犀：燕地制造的犀甲。亦泛指坚固的铠甲。
红粉：妇女化妆用的胭脂和铅粉。借指美女，此指杨贵妃。
倾国：形容女子极其美丽。唐玄宗《好时光》词：“莫倚倾国貌，嫁取个、有情郎。”
玉辇（niǎn）：天子所乘之车，以玉为饰。
海外徒闻更九州：此用白居易《长恨歌》“忽闻海外有仙山”句意，指杨贵妃死后居住在海外仙山上，虽然听到了唐王朝恢复九州的消息，但人神相隔，已经不能再与玄宗团聚了。“徒闻”，空闻，没有根据的听说。“更”，再，还有。“九州”，此诗原注：“邹衍云：九州之外，复有九州。”战国时齐人邹衍创“九大州” 之说，说中国名赤县神州，中国之外如赤县神州这样大的地方还有九个。
未卜：一作“未决”。
虎旅：指跟随玄宗入蜀的禁军。传：一作“鸣”。宵柝（tuò）：又名金柝，夜间报更的刁斗。
鸡人：皇宫中报时的卫士。汉代制度，宫中不得畜鸡，卫士候于朱雀门外，传鸡唱。筹：计时的用具。
“此日”句：叙述马嵬坡事变。白居易《长恨歌》：“六军不发无奈何，宛转蛾眉马前死。”
牵牛：牵牛星，即牛郎星。此指牛郎织女故事。
四纪：四十八年。岁星十二年一周天为一纪，玄宗在位四十五年，约为四纪。
莫愁：古洛阳女子，嫁为卢家妇，婚后生活幸福。萧衍《河中之水歌》：“河中之水向东流，洛阳女儿名莫愁。莫愁十三能织绮，十四采桑南陌头。十五嫁作卢家妇，十六生儿字阿侯。卢家兰室桂为梁，中有郁金苏合香。”
参考资料：
1、彭定求 等 ．全唐诗（下） ．上海 ：上海古籍出版社 ，1986 ：1367 ．
2、陈永正 等 ．李商隐诗选译 ．成都 ：巴蜀书社 ，1991 ：187-189 ．
马嵬二首创作背景
此诗咏叹马嵬事变。马嵬事变发生于唐玄宗天宝十四年（755年）安史之乱爆发之后。李商隐生活在晚唐那种国势颓危的氛围下，这不能不使他对历史抱有更多的批判意识，对政治怀有更多的拯救情绪，对荒淫误国者含有更多的痛恨心理，因此写下这组诗以达讽喻之意。
参考资料：
1、陈永正 等 ．李商隐诗选译 ．成都 ：巴蜀书社 ，1991 ：187-189 ．
2、萧涤非 等 ．唐诗鉴赏辞典 ．上海 ：上海辞书出版社 ，1983 ：1184-1185 ．
马嵬二首鉴赏
第一首，唐天宝十四年（755年），东平郡王、三镇节度使安禄山从范阳起兵叛乱。范阳即幽州，在今河北省，古属燕国、冀州。“冀马燕犀动地来”即是说此事件。逃难路上，六军威迫唐玄宗下令缢死了“红粉”杨玉环。唐肃宗乾元元年（758年）初，玄宗也抑郁而死。所以说他“自埋红粉自成灰”。
杨贵妃佳人绝色，明皇认为她能“倾国倾城”，以至放心地“从此君王不早朝”。果真如此，危难来时只要玉环使个媚眼，就不愁安禄山不“倾马倾人”，也就不必路经马嵬仓皇逃难了。
冯浩注说“两‘自’字凄然，宠之适以害之，语似直而曲”，这话很有道理，这两个“自”字确实包涵了唐玄宗的无限痛苦。他不得已杀了杨玉环，也不得已使自己一片真情化为飞灰，这就和《长恨歌》里哀婉的“六军不发无奈何，宛转蛾眉马前死”、《长恨歌传》里的“上知不免而不忍见其死，反袂掩面，使（兵卒）牵之而去”相近，不由自主地起了恻隐之心，有相似之处。李商隐毕竟是个重于“情”的男子，尽管他对荒淫误国者含有更多的痛恨心理，但当他面对两个生死分离的情侣的时候，尽管知道他们误国误民，心中却又油然而生了那恻隐之心。
第二首，开首即说“海外”，指杨玉环死后，唐玄宗曾令方士去海外寻其魂魄，在海外仙山会见了她，杨授以钿合金钗，并坚订他生之约的传说故事而言。诗人以玄宗心情设想，直说九州更变，四海翻腾，海外徒然悲叹，而“他生”之约，难以实现。三四句承上铺写。“空闻”、“宵柝”，即未闻“宵柝”；“无复”、“报晓”，即不用“报晓”。此皆承上两句“徒闻”、“未卜”之意，暗指杨玉环被缢于马嵬事。五六句转入实事。“此日”指贵妃赐死之日，“当时”指七夕相约之时。“六军同驻马”指禁军哗变，李、杨两人的爱情也一同“驻马”了，幻灭成空。“七夕笑牵牛”，意为七夕之夜，长生殿上两人曾欢笑密约，并笑牵牛织女一年一度相见之短暂；“当时”曾“笑”他人，而今却不如牵牛织女之长久相恋；相比之下，令人可悯而又可笑。诗人把六军愤慨之情与长生殿秘密之誓，相映成趣，议论深刻，笔锋犀利。七八句以反诘语气反衬作结。言贵为天子，但反不如百姓的爱情甜蜜，生活幸福。诗人借“莫愁”以寄托感慨。以“如何”来反问，暗含指责。
这是一首政治讽刺诗，锋芒指向了李唐前朝皇帝唐玄宗。 一开头夹叙夹议，先用“海外”“更九州”的故事概括方士在海外寻见杨妃的传说，而用“徒闻”加以否定。“徒闻”者，徒然听说也。意思是：玄宗听方士说杨妃在仙山上还记着“愿世世为夫妇”的誓言，“十分震悼”，但这有什么用？“他生”为夫妇的事渺茫“未卜”；“此生”的夫妇关系，却已分明结束了。怎么结束的，自然引起下文。
次联用宫廷中的“鸡人报晓筹”反衬马嵬驿的“虎旅鸣宵柝”，而昔乐今苦、昔安今危的不同处境和心情已跃然纸上。“虎旅鸣宵柝”的逃难生活很不安适，这是一层意思。和“鸡人报晓筹”相映衬，暗示主人公渴望重享昔日的安乐，这又是一层意思。再用“空闻”和“无复”相呼应，表现那希望已幻灭，为尾联蓄势，这是第三层意思。“虎旅鸣宵柝”本来是为了巡逻和警卫，而冠以“空闻”，意义就适得其反。从章法上看，“空闻”上承“此生休”，下启“六军同驻马”。意思是：“虎旅”虽“鸣宵柝”，却不是为了保卫皇帝和贵妃的安全，而是要发动兵变了。
正因为如此，才“无复鸡人报晓筹”，李、杨再不可能享受安适的宫廷生活了。
第三联的：“此日”指杨妃的死日。“六军同驻马”与白居易《长恨歌》“六军不发无奈何”同意，但《长恨歌》紧接着写了“宛转蛾眉马前死”，而“此日”即倒转笔锋追述“当时”。“当时”与“此日”对照、补充，不仅其意自明，而且笔致跳脱，蕴含丰富，这叫“逆挽法”。玄宗“当时”七夕与杨妃“密相誓心”，讥笑牵牛、织女一年只能相见一次，而他们两人则要“世世为夫妇”，永远不分离，可在遇上“六军不发”的时候，结果又如何？两相映衬，杨妃赐死的结局就不难于言外得之，而玄宗虚伪、自私的精神面貌也暴露无遗。同时，“七夕笑牵牛”是对玄宗迷恋女色、荒废政事的典型概括，用来对照“六军同驻马”，就表现出二者的因果关系。没有“当时”的荒淫，就没有“此日”的离散。而玄宗沉溺声色之“当时”，也不曾虑及“赐死”宠妃之“此日”。行文至此，尾联的一句已如箭在弦。
尾联也包含强烈的对比。一方面是当了四十多年皇帝的唐玄宗保不住宠妃，另一方面是作为普通百姓的卢家能保住既“织绮”、又能“采桑”的妻子莫愁。诗人由此发出冷峻的诘问：为什么当了四十多年的皇帝唐玄宗还不如普通百姓能保住自己的妻子呢？前六句诗，其批判的锋芒都是指向唐玄宗的。用需要作许多探索才能作出全面回答的一问作结，更丰富了批判的内容。
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柳宗元《
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唐铙歌鼓吹曲十二首·其四》
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李商隐《
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北齐二首》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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