水调歌头·定王台
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宋代]：袁去华
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雄跨洞庭野，楚望古湘州。何王台殿，危基百尺自西刘。尚想霓旌千骑，依约入云歌吹，屈指几经秋。叹息繁华地，兴废两悠悠。
登临处，乔木老，大江流。书生报国无地，空白九分头。一夜寒生关塞，万里云埋陵阙，耿耿恨难休。徙倚霜风里，落日伴人愁。
水调歌头·定王台译文及注释
译文
定王台建在洞庭湖之滨，位于古湘州地界上。定王台虽然在历经千年之后已经堙没，但是遗迹尚存，那残存的台基，依然高耸百尺，令我想到定王台的修建者西汉的刘发。想当年定王到此游玩时，一定是华盖如云，旌旗招展，如虹霓当空；千乘万骑前呼后拥，声势浩大；急管高歌之声似乎直抵云霄。然而，屈指已几度春秋，昔日的繁华盛地变成了一派衰败苍凉，盛衰无常，兴废两茫茫。
登台远望，只见高大的树木枝叶枯落，长江无止息地向东奔流。对此情景，想到国家的支离破碎，满目疮痍，而自己空怀一腔报国热情却无路请缨、壮志难酬，不由得发出了悲愤苍凉的感慨：书生报国无门，空自白头，而金兵猝然南下，侵占中原，犹如一夜北风生寒，导致万里河山支离破碎、残破不堪。京都沦陷，皇家陵阙黯然被埋没在厚厚的云雾之中，令人愁恨不已。念及此，我耿耿于怀，悲愤难休，却又无可奈何，只能徘徊往来在秋风寒霜中，夕阳将落，更增人恨愁。
注释
水调歌头：词牌名，又名“元会曲”“凯歌”“台城游”“水调歌”，双调九十五字，上阕九句四平韵、下阕十句四平韵。
定王台：在今湖南长沙市东，汉景帝之子定王刘发为望其母唐姬墓而筑，故名。
楚望：楚地的望郡。唐、宋时，州、郡、县按地势、人口及经济状况划分为畿、赤、望、紧、上、中、下若干等级，形胜富庶的地区称“望”。
湘州：东晋永嘉时初置，唐初改潭州，词中指长沙。
危基：高大的台基。
自西刘：始建于西汉刘发。
霓（ní）旌（jīng）：旗帜如云霓，形容仪仗之盛。
依约：连绵不断。
空白九分头：徒然白首。词中用陈与义《巴丘书事》“未必上流须鲁肃，腐儒空白九分头”，来表达作者请缨无路的悲愤。
一夜寒生关塞：比喻金人猝然南侵，攻破关塞。
云埋陵阙（què）：皇宫与陵寝都埋没在远方的云雾中，词中指宋都汴京沦于敌手。陵阙：帝王陵墓、京都城阙，均为存亡的象征。
耿（gěng）耿：不安的样子。
徙（xǐ）倚（yǐ）：走走停停。
参考资料：
1、夏于全主编．中国历代诗歌经典 唐诗·宋词·元曲 宋词卷 （下卷） （绣像版）：内蒙古人民出版社，2002.07 第1版：第382页
2、范晓燕著．宋词三百首赏译：湖南人民出版社，2000.10：第414页
3、苏轼等著；崇贤书院释译．图解豪放词：黄山书社，2016.03：第128页
水调歌头·定王台创作背景
《水调歌头·定王台》大约作于词人担任善化（在今长沙市内）县令期间。词人在一个深秋时节登上定王台览胜，感慨顿生，并将不胜今昔之感升华为感时伤事的爱国之情，于是写下了这首词。
参考资料：
1、（宋）苏轼等著．豪放词 插图本：凤凰出版社，2012.12：第128页
水调歌头·定王台鉴赏
词的上阕“雄跨洞庭野，楚望古湘州。何王台殿，危基百尺自西刘”四句，气势不凡，雄浑卓绝。“雄跨”一词，表现了定王台的雄奇地形。“危基百尺”则以夸张的手法写出了定王台的壮丽。接下来三句以想象的手法接入历史的画面。想当年西汉国力强盛，定王台阁周围遍布如云铁骑，祭祀的音乐响彻云霄。然而，这些都已经是历史陈迹。“屈指几经秋”将作者的思绪从壮丽的历史收回到严酷的现实。’“叹息繁华地，兴废两悠悠”定王台再壮丽，到作者登临的时候，已经残破不堪。回想往昔的繁华，今日的颓墙败瓦，作者不禁慨然，感叹人事的兴衰废替。联系到作者所处的时代，当时的南宋政府偏安一隅，面对金国的威胁无力反击，将大好河山拱手相送，这也是引发作者喟叹的一个情绪基点。所以词中的兴替之感超越了普通诗文中抽象的今昔之悲，具有深刻的现实意义。
下阕“登临处，乔木老，大江流”三句点题，叙说登临之事。古人登高作赋，喜欢大肆铺陈的居多，但在这里，作者仅以极其简略的手法白描眼前所见：乔木老，大江流。作者并没有放纵自己的情绪，但这种沉默中却蕴涵着更加深沉的悲痛。作者跟同时代的复国志士一样，满怀报国之心，但让人痛苦的是，“书生报国无地，空白九分头”。岁月蹉跎，功业未就，空白了少年头“，一夜寒生关塞，万里云埋陵阙，耿耿恨难休”，其中“关塞”是征战的偏远地段，“陵阙”是北宋宗庙祖坟所在，从前都是作者心底事，但现在离他越来越远了，“万里”一词，写出了这种虚无辽远的感觉。因为报国无门，作者永远不能在关塞为国尽忠，永远也无法收复北宋宗室的陵墓。这种无奈和遗憾，使他的“恨”意难休。“徙倚霜风里，落日伴人愁”，报国无门，年华苍老，词人无可奈何，只能以一副独立寒秋、天涯孤影的悲凉画面结束。其中的“伴”字写尽词人的落寞和孤独，因为没有志同道合的人和他并肩作战，只得和无情的夕阳相伴，在苍茫暮色中自怨自艾。词结尾仍收回到定王台上，结构十分紧凑，并以景寓情，饶有余韵。最后点出一个“愁”字，并不表示消沉、绝望，而是英雄洒泪。慷慨生哀，与全词悲壮的格调完全统一。
这首词画面壮阔雄浑，音调苍凉激楚，充溢着强烈的爱国情感，具有鲜明的时代特色。
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纳兰性德《
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蝶恋花·出塞》
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陶渊明《
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读山海经十三首·其四》
袁去华简介
唐代·袁去华的简介
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袁去华，字宣卿，江西奉新（一作豫章）人。生卒年均不详，约宋高宗绍兴末前后在世。绍兴十五年（公元一一四五年）进士。改官知石首县而卒。善为歌词，尝为张孝祥所称。去华著有适斋类稿八卷，词一卷，著有《适斋类稿》、《袁宣卿词》、《文献通考》传于世。存词90余首。
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月色固无改，台基亦不坏。
嗟哉翫月人，古来谁更在。
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樗林散人为严处士赋
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明代：
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潘希曾
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散木岂无用，散人何可羁。树来广莫野，看到逍遥时。
朝市甘抛弃，烟霞足护持。高风千载上，谁嗣考槃诗。