蝶恋花·一朵江梅春带雪
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宋代]：赵鼎
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长道县和元彦修梅词。彦修，钱塘人，名时敏。坐张天觉党，自户部员外郎谪监长道之白石镇。
一朵江梅春带雪。玉软云娇，姑射肌肤洁。照影凌波微步怯。暗香浮动黄昏月。
谩道广平心似铁。词赋风流，不尽愁千结。望断江南音信绝。陇头行客空情切。
蝶恋花·一朵江梅春带雪鉴赏
“蝶恋花”本唐教坊曲，多用仄声韵，其声情缠绵而凄婉。赵鼎此词，更于仄声韵中选用了“雪、洁、怯、月、铁、结、绝、切”等哽咽决绝的入声，借之倾吐了胸中积郁的愤激之情。虽然是 一首和作，却借他人之酒杯浇自家的块垒，无一丝应酬的痕迹。
这首词写的是梅花。张炎《词源》说：“诗难于咏物，词尤难。体认稍真，则拘而不畅；模写差远，则晦而不明。要须收纵联密，用事合题。”赵鼎此词上片全用拟人化的手法，勾魂摄魄地刻绘了梅花的精神。“一朵江梅春带雪”，当然是白梅了。把它拟作藐姑射山上的女神，再恰当不过了。《庄子·逍遥游》：“藐姑射之山，有神人居焉，肌肤若冰雪，淖约若处子，不食五谷，吸风饮露，乘云气，御飞龙而游乎四海之外。”这样一位不食五谷、肌肤若冰雪的女神，正是白梅的形象。然而，她毕竟是一位女神，所以还表现为“玉软云娇”，表现为“照影凌波微步怯”。这里似乎又用了《洛神赋》的故事，所谓“凌波微步，罗韈生尘”（《洛神赋》句）。但是，作者此处并无再把梅花比拟作洛水女神的意思。“照影凌波微步怯，暗香浮动黄昏月。”正是林逋的“疏影横斜水清浅，暗香浮动月黄昏”（《山园小梅》诗句）那一联咏梅名句的脱胎换骨。这就是张炎所说的“用事合题”。整个上片也写得“畅而不拘”“明而不晦”，诚属咏物词作的上品。
过片处“谩道广平心似铁”，仍然是非常合题的用事。“广平”即唐人宋璟，璟封广平郡公，其为人也贞操劲节，《旧唐书》说他“在官清严，人吏莫有犯者。”人称之曰“铁肠石心”。所以这词里说“心似铁”。然而就是这位铁石心肠的人物，却曾写过一篇风华旖旎的《梅花赋》，可见纵令铁肠石心，却也免不了对梅花缱绻情深。这词里说“词赋风流，不尽愁千结。”说的是宋璟，却也关系赵鼎自己。从词前小序，知道这词写于长道县。时间当在赵鼎与秦桧因为在对金人议和问题上意见不合，闹翻了，赵被贬谪知绍兴的途中。赵鼎为宋室名相，当初曾荐用秦桧，后来却被秦桧逼迫得绝食自杀。临终自书铭旌云：“身骑箕尾归天上，气作山河壮本朝。”何等忠义，何等刚烈。很有梅花的冰清玉洁的傲寒精神，所以说这里也关系着赵鼎自己。
结尾处“望断江南音信绝，陇头行客空情切”的用事，从表面上看是不够“合题”的。“陇头”即陇山，《秦州记》云：陇山东西百八十里。登山巅东望，秦川四五百里，极目泯然，山东人行役升此而顾瞻者，莫不悲思。这里也还暗用了王维《陇头吟》：“陇上行人夜吹笛，关西老将不胜愁，驻马听之双泪流”的诗意。这样就承接了上句的“愁”字。说它是用事也可以，说它是抒情也可以。如说是用事，作者恰恰借助于用事，把已经提起的百回千结的不尽的愁，作深入一层的抒发，所以说它是抒情也可，而且是涵蕴更深广、更加淋漓尽致的抒情。
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辛弃疾《
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生查子·重叶梅》
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张炎《
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疏影·梅影》
赵鼎简介
唐代·赵鼎的简介
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赵鼎(1085-1147)， 南宋政治家、词人。字元镇，自号得全居士。南宋解州闻喜（今属山西）人。宋高宗时的宰相。有《忠正德文集》10卷，清道光刊本。《四印斋所刻词》有《得全居士词》一卷，存词45首。
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