采桑女
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唐代]：唐彦谦
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春风吹蚕细如蚁，桑芽才努青鸦嘴。
侵晨采桑谁家女，手挽长条泪如雨。
去岁初眠当此时，今岁春寒叶放迟。
愁听门外催里胥，官家二月收新丝。
采桑女鉴赏
据《唐会要》记载，唐宪宗元和十一年（816）六月的一项制命说：“诸县夏税折纳绫、绢、絁、绸、丝、绵等”，搜刮的名目可谓繁多，但也明文规定了征税的时间是在夏季。因为只有夏收后，老百姓才有丝织品可交。可是到了唐末，朝廷财政入不敷出，统治者就加紧掠夺，把征收夏税的时间提前了：官家在二月征收新丝。这是多么蛮横无理！阴历二月，春风料峭，寒气袭人。采桑女凌晨即起采桑，可见多么勤劳。可她却无法使“桑芽”变成桑叶，更无法使蚂蚁般大小的蚕子马上长大吐丝结茧。而如狼似虎的里胥（里中小吏），早就逼上门来，催她二月交新丝。想到此，她手攀着柔长的桑枝，眼泪如雨一般滚下。诗人不着一字议论，而以一位勤劳善良的采桑女子在苛捐杂税的压榨下所遭到的痛苦，深刻揭露了唐末“苛政猛于虎”的社会现实。
先“画龙”后“点睛”，是这诗在艺术上的一个特点。诗人先写蚕子细小，继写无桑叶可采，接着通过采桑女的泪眼愁思，写出今年蚕事不如去年。这些描写，抓住了“有包孕”的片刻，含意丰富，暗示性很强，使人很自然地联想到：“蚕细”可能会因“春寒”而冻死；无桑叶，蚕子可能会饿死；即使蚕子成活下来，但距离吐丝、结茧的日子还很远。据《蚕书》记载，蚕卵孵化成虫后九日，开始蜕皮，蜕皮期间不食不动称“眠”，七日一眠，经过四眠，蚕虫才吐丝结茧。这期间，不知采桑女还要花费多少艰难辛苦的劳动。可是，就在这蚕细如蚁，初眠尚未进行，丝茧收成难卜的时候，里胥就上门催逼。这一点睛之笔，力重千钧，点出了采桑女下泪的原因，突出了主题。全诗至此戛然而止，但余意无穷，耐人回味和想象。
诗的另一特点是人物的动作描写和心理刻画相结合。“手挽长条泪如雨”，写出了采桑女辛勤劳动而又悲切愁苦的形态。“去岁初眠当此时，今岁春寒叶放迟”，点出采桑女心中的忧虑事，再加上她愁听门外里胥催逼的声音，诗人把形态和心理描写融为一体，使采桑女形象感人至深。
此诗语言质朴生动。“桑芽才努青鸦嘴”，诗人用工笔细致地描绘出桑枝上那斑斑点点的嫩芽形状，酷肖而生动。“青鸦嘴”比喻“桑芽”。“努”，用力冒出的意思。用“才努”把“桑芽”与“青鸦嘴”连接起来，既说明二者之间的比喻关系，又精细地刻画出“桑芽”在春风中正在“努”的动态。一“努”字，用拟人手法当即就把桑芽写活了，给画面增添了情趣。
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郑遨《
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富贵曲》
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王国维《
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蝶恋花·百尺朱楼临大道》
唐彦谦简介
唐代·唐彦谦的简介
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唐彦谦（？～893）字茂业，号鹿门先生，并州晋阳（今山西省太原市）人。咸通末年上京考试，结果十余年不中，一说咸通二年（861）中进士。乾符末年，兵乱，避地汉南。中和中期，王重荣镇守河中，聘为从事，累迁节度副使，晋、绛二州刺史。光启三年(887)，王重荣因兵变遇害，他被责贬汉中掾曹。杨守亮镇守兴元（今陕西省汉中市）时，担任判官。官至兴元（今陕西省汉中市）节度副使、阆州（今四川省阆中市）、壁州（今四川省通江县）刺史。晚年隐居鹿门山，专事著述。 昭宗景福二年（893）卒于汉中。
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