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《新安吏》原文及意思全解_杜甫作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php</b> on line <b>26</b><br /> 翰韵典库
首页 > 诗文 > 杜甫的诗 > 新安吏

新安吏

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唐代
]:杜甫


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客行新安道,喧呼闻点兵。

借问新安吏:“县小更无丁?”

“府帖昨夜下,次选中男行。”

“中男绝短小,何以守王城?”

肥男有母送,瘦男独伶俜。

白水暮东流,青山犹哭声。

“莫自使眼枯,收汝泪纵横。

眼枯即见骨,天地终无情!

我军取相州,日夕望其平。

岂意贼难料,归军星散营。

就粮近故垒,练卒依旧京。

掘壕不到水,牧马役亦轻。

况乃王师顺,抚养甚分明。

送行勿泣血,仆射如父兄。”

新安吏译文及注释

译文

作者走在新安县的大路上,听到新安吏在按户籍册点兵。

作者问新安吏:“难道因新安县小,壮丁已抽完,才抓这些不成丁的青年?”

新安吏回答“府帖昨夜才下达,并下令说没有壮丁就依次抽未成年男子。”

作者又问“抽来的未成年男子实在太小了,如何能守住王城呢?”

健壮的中男还有母亲相送,瘦小的由于父母在战乱中去世,就变得孤苦伶仃了。

河水日夜向东流,青山还留着哭声呢!

“不要让眼泪哭干,收住你们纵横的泪水。

眼泪哭干了会露出头骨,但天地终归是无情的,不能改变这悲痛的安排。

我们官军攻取相州,日夜盼望收复其地。

可是贼心难料,致使官军溃败。

我们就去原先营垒就食,练兵也依凭着洛阳。

挖掘壕沟也不会深得见水,放牧军马的劳役也还算轻。

何况朝廷官军是符合正义的,一切必然顺利,爱护战士一目了然。

送行战士不要哭得那么悲伤,长官会像父兄一样关爱你们。

注释

新安:地名,今河南省新安县。

更:岂。

次:依次。

中男:指十八岁以上、二十三岁以下成丁。这是唐天宝初年兵役制度规定的。

伶俜(pīng):形容孤独。

不到水:指掘壕很浅。

仆射:指郭子仪。如父兄:指极爱士卒。

相州:即“三男邺城戍”之“邺城”,今河南安阳。

旧京:指东都洛阳。

借问新安吏:作者问新安吏。此处省略主语“作者”。

新安吏创作背景

  这首诗的时代背景是乾元元年(公元七五八年)冬,安庆绪退保相州,肃宗命郭子仪、李光弼等九个节度使,率步骑二十万人围攻相州。自冬至春,未能破城。幸而郭子仪率领他的朔方军拆断河阳桥,才阻止了安史军队南下。杜甫从洛阳回华州,路过新安,看到征兵的情况,写了这首诗。

新安吏鉴赏

  “客行新安道,喧呼闻点兵。”这两句是全篇的总起。“客”,杜甫自指。以下一切描写,都是从诗人“喧呼闻点兵”五字中生出。

  借问新安吏:“县小更无丁?”这是杜甫的问话。624年(唐高祖武德七年)定制:男女十六岁为中男,二十一岁为丁。至744年(唐玄宗天宝三年),又改以十八岁为中男,二十二岁为丁。按照正常的征兵制度,中男不该服役。杜甫的问话是很尖锐的,眼前明明有许多人被当作壮丁抓走,却撇在一边,跳过一层问:“新安县小,再也没有丁男了吧?”大概他以为这样一问,就可以把新安吏问住了。“府帖昨夜下,次选中男行。”官吏很狡黠,也跳过一层回答说,州府昨夜下的军帖,要挨次往下抽中男出征。官吏敏感得很,他知道杜甫用中男不服兵役的王法难他,所以立即拿出府帖来压人。讲王法已经不能发生作用了,于是杜甫进一步就实际问题和情理发问:“中男又矮又小,怎么能守卫东都洛阳呢?”王城,指洛阳,周代曾把洛邑称作王城。这在杜甫是又逼紧了一步,但接下去却没有答话。也许官吏被问得张口结舌,但更大的可能是官吏不愿跟杜甫啰嗦下去了。这就把官吏对杜甫的厌烦,杜甫对人民的同情,以及诗人那种迂执的性格都表现出来了。

  “肥男有母送,瘦男独伶俜。白水暮东流,青山犹哭声。”跟官吏已经无话可说了,于是杜甫把目光转向被押送的人群。他怀着沉痛的心情,把这些中男仔细地打量再打量。他发现那些似乎长得壮实一点的男孩子是因为有母亲照料,而且有母亲在送行。中男年幼,当然不可能有妻子。之所以父亲不来,是因为前面说过“县小更无丁”,有父亲在就不用抓孩子了。所以“有母”的言外之意,正是表现了另一番惨景。“瘦男”的“瘦”已叫人目不忍睹,加上“独伶俜”三字,更显得他们无亲无靠。怀着无限的痛苦,但却茫然而无法倾诉,这就是“独伶俜”三字展现给读者的情形。杜甫对着这一群哀号的人流泪站了很久,只觉天已黄昏了,白水在暮色中无语东流,青山好像带着哭声。这里用一个“犹”字便见恍惚。人走以后,哭声仍然在耳,仿佛连青山白水也呜咽不止。似幻觉又似真实,使读者惊心动魄。以上四句是诗人的主观感受。它在前面与官吏的对话和后面对征人的劝慰语之间,在行文与感情的发展上起着过渡作用。

  “莫自使眼枯,收汝泪纵横。眼枯即见骨,天地终无情!”这是杜甫劝慰征人的开头几句话。本来中男已经走了,他的话不能讲给他们听。这里,既像是把先前曾跟中男讲的话补叙在这里,又像是中男走过以后,杜甫觉得太惨了,一个人对着中男走的方向自言自语。那种发痴发呆的神情,更显出他茫然的心理。抒发悲愤一般总是要把感情往外放,可是此处却似乎在进行收束。“使眼枯”、“泪纵横”本来可以再作淋漓尽致的刻画,但杜甫却加上了“莫”和“收”。“不要哭得使眼睛发枯,收起奔涌的热泪吧。”然后再用“天地终无情”来加以堵塞。“莫”、“收”在前,“终无情”在后一笔煞住,好像要人把眼泪全部吞进肚里。这就收到了“抽刀断水水更流”的艺术效果。这种悲愤也就显得更深、更难控制,“天地”也就显得更加“无情”。

  杜甫写到“天地终无情”,已经极其深刻地揭露了兵役制度的不合理,然而这一场战争的性质不同于写《兵车行》的时候。当此国家存亡迫在眉睫之时,诗人从维护祖国的统一角度考虑,在控诉“天地终无情”之后,又说了一些宽慰的话。相州之败,本来罪在朝廷和唐肃宗,杜甫却说敌情难以预料,用这样含混的话掩盖失败的根源,目的是要给朝廷留点面子。本来是败兵,却说是“归军”,也是为了不致过分叫人丧气。“况乃王师顺,抚养甚分明。”唐军讨伐安史叛军,可以说名正言顺,但实际上又谈不上爱护士卒、抚养分明。另外,所谓战壕挖得浅,牧马劳役很轻,郭子仪对待士卒亲如父兄等等,也都是些安慰之词。杜甫讲这些话,都是对强征入伍的中男进行安慰。诗在揭露的同时,又对朝廷有所回护,杜甫这样说,用心良苦。实际上,人民蒙受的惨痛,国家面临的灾难,都深深地刺激着他沉重而痛苦的心灵。

  一方面,当时安史叛军烧杀掳掠,对中原地区生产力和人民生活的破坏是空前的。

  另一方面,唐朝统治者在平时剥削、压迫人民,在国难当头的时候,却又昏庸无能,把战争造成的灾难全部推向人民,要捐要人,根本不顾人民死活。这两种矛盾,在当时社会现实中尖锐地存在着,然而前者毕竟居于主要地位。可以说,在平叛这一点上,人民和唐王朝多少有一致的地方。因此,杜甫的“三吏”、“三别”既揭露统治集团不顾人民死活,又旗帜鲜明地肯定平叛战争,甚至对应征者加以劝慰和鼓励,读者也就不难理解了。因为当时的人民虽然怨恨唐王朝,但终究咬紧牙关,含着眼泪,走上前线支持了平叛战争。“白水暮东流,青山犹哭声”表达了作者对应征的“中男”的无限同情之心。


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杜甫《
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夏日叹》


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杜荀鹤《
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乱后逢村叟》

杜甫简介

唐代·杜甫的简介


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杜甫


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杜甫(712-770),字子美,自号少陵野老,世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等,汉族,河南府巩县(今河南省巩义市)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”,其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”,为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民,人格高尚,他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来,诗艺精湛,在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇,影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都,后世有杜甫草堂纪念。

杜甫共有诗(1134篇)

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