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《六一居士传》原文及意思全解_欧阳修作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php</b> on line <b>26</b><br /> 翰韵典库
首页 > 诗文 > 欧阳修的诗 > 六一居士传

六一居士传

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宋代
]:欧阳修


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  六一居士初谪滁山,自号醉翁。既老而衰且病,将退休于颍水之上,则又更号六一居士。

  客有问曰:“六一,何谓也?”居士曰:“吾家藏书一万卷,集录三代以来金石遗文一千卷,有琴一张,有棋一局,而常置酒一壶。”客曰:“是为五一尔,奈何?”居士曰:“以吾一翁,老于此五物之间,是岂不为六一乎?”客笑曰:“子欲逃名者乎?而屡易其号。此庄生所诮畏影而走乎日中者也;余将见子疾走大喘渴死,而名不得逃也。”居士曰:“吾因知名之不可逃,然亦知夫不必逃也;吾为此名,聊以志吾之乐尔。”客曰:“其乐如何?”居士曰:“吾之乐可胜道哉!方其得意于五物也,泰山在前而不见,疾雷破柱而不惊;虽响九奏于洞庭之野,阅大战于涿鹿之原,未足喻其乐且适也。然常患不得极吾乐于其间者,世事之为吾累者众也。其大者有二焉,轩裳珪组劳吾形于外,忧患思虑劳吾心于内,使吾形不病而已悴,心未老而先衰,尚何暇于五物哉?虽然,吾自乞其身于朝者三年矣,一日天子恻然哀之,赐其骸骨,使得与此五物偕返于田庐,庶几偿其夙愿焉。此吾之所以志也。”客复笑曰:“子知轩裳珪组之累其形,而不知五物之累其心乎?”居士曰:“不然。累于彼者已劳矣,又多忧;累于此者既佚矣,幸无患。吾其何择哉?”于是与客俱起,握手大笑曰:“置之,区区不足较也。”

  已而叹曰:“夫士少而仕,老而休,盖有不待七十者矣。吾素慕之,宜去一也。吾尝用于时矣,而讫无称焉,宜去二也。壮犹如此,今既老且病矣,乃以难强之筋骸,贪过分之荣禄,是将违其素志而自食其言,宜去三也。吾负三宜去,虽无五物,其去宜矣,复何道哉!”

  熙宁三年九月七日,六一居士自传。

六一居士传译文及注释

译文

  六一居士最初被贬谪到滁州山乡时,自己以醉翁为号。年老体弱,又多病,将要辞别官场,到颍水之滨颐养天年,便又改变名号叫六一居士。

  有位客人问道:“六一,讲的是什么?”居士说:“我家里藏了书一万卷,收集收录夏商周三代以来金石文字一千卷,有一张琴,有一盘棋,又经常备好酒一壶。”客人说:“这只是五个一,怎么说‘六一’呢?”居士说:“加上我这一个老头,在这五种物品中间老去,这难道不是‘六一’了吗?”客人笑着说:“您大概是想逃避名声的人吧,因而屡次改换名号。这正像庄子所讥讽的那个害怕影子而跑到阳光中去的人;我将会看见您(像那个人一样),迅速奔跑,大口喘气,干渴而死,名声却不能逃脱。”居士说:“我本就知道名声不可以逃脱,也知道我没有必要逃避;我取这个名号,姑且用来记下我的乐趣罢了。”客人说:“你的乐趣怎么样呢?”居士说:“我的乐趣可以说得尽吗!当自己在这五种物品中得到意趣时,泰山在面前也看不见,迅雷劈破柱子也不惊慌;即使在洞庭湖原野上奏响九韶音乐,在涿鹿大地观看大战役,也不足以形容自己的快乐和舒适。然而常常忧虑不能在这五种物品中尽情享乐,原因是世事给我的拖累太多了。其中大的方面有两件,官车、官服、符信、印绶从外面使我的身体感到劳累,忧患思虑从里面使我的内心感到疲惫,使我没有生病却已经显得憔悴,人没有老,精神却已衰竭,还有什么空闲花在这五种物品上呢?虽然如此,我向朝廷请求告老还乡已有三年了,(如果)某一天天子发出恻隐之心哀怜我,赐还我这把老骨头,让我能够和这五种物品一起回归田园,差不多就有希望实现自己素来的愿望了。这便是我记述我的乐趣的原因。”客人又笑着说:“您知道官车、官服、符信、印绶劳累自己的身体,却不知道这五种物品也会劳累心力吗?”居士说:“不是这样。我被官场拖累,已经劳苦了,又有很多忧愁;被这些物品所吸引,既很安逸,又庆幸没有祸患。我将选择哪方面呢?”于是和客人一同站起来,握着手大笑说:“停止辩论吧,区区小事是不值得比较的。”

  辩论之后,居士叹息说:“读书人从年轻时开始做官,到年老时退休,往往是有等不到七十岁就退休的人。我素来羡慕他们,这是我应当离职的第一点理由。我曾经被当朝任用,但最终没有值得称道的政绩,这是应当离职的第二点理由。强壮时尚且如此,现在既老又多病,凭着难以支撑的身体去贪恋过多的职位俸禄,这将会违背自己平素的志愿,自食其言,这是应当离职的第三点理由。我有这三点应当离职的理由,即使没有这五种物品,(我)离职也是应当的,还要再说什么呢!”

  熙宁三年九月七日,六一居士自传。

注释

初谪滁山:庆历六年(1046),欧阳修被贬为滁州知州,时年四十岁。

将退休于颍水之上:熙宁元年(1068),欧阳修在颍州(今安徽阜阳市)修建房屋,准备退休于此。

三代:指夏商周。

金石遗文:指欧阳修所收集的钟鼎和石刻文字的拓本。欧阳修撰有《集石录》,为在国现存最早的著录金石的专著。

逃名:避名声而不居。

此庄生所诮畏影而走乎日中者:《庄子·渔父》:“人有畏影恶迹而去之走者,举足愈数而迹愈多,走愈疾而影不离身。自以为尚迟,疾走不休。绝力而死。不知处阴以休影,处静以息迹,愚亦甚矣。”庄生,指庄子。诮,讥笑。

志:记,标记。

“泰山”二句:以为心有专注,不闻外物。语本《鹖冠子·天则》:“一叶蔽目,不见泰山;两耳塞豆,不闻雷霆。”

九奏:即“九韶”,虞舜时的音乐。

阅大战于涿鹿之原:《史记·五帝本纪》记黄帝与蚩尤战于涿鹿之野,隧擒杀蚩尤事。

轩裳珪组:分指古代大臣所乘车驾,所着服饰,所执玉板,所佩印绶,总指官场事物。

劳:形容词使动用法,使······劳累。

乞其身:要求退休。

一日:一旦,终有一天。

赐其骸骨:比喻皇帝同意其告老退休。

庶几:大概,差不多;或许可以。

佚:安逸,安乐。

置之:放在一边。

区区:形容事小。

不待七十:古代规定官员七十岁退休(“致仕”“致政”),欧阳修写本文时为六十四岁,所以用他人也有不到七十就告退的作为自解。

用于时:指出仕。

无称:没有值得称道的政绩。

违其素志而自食其言:违背自己的平生志向而说话不算话。欧阳修早在皇祐元年任颍州知州时,已萌归田退休之意。后在《归田录序》中明确表示了“退避荣宠,而优游田亩”的心愿。素志,一向的志向。

负:具有。

参考资料:

1、曲德来.唐宋八大家散文 广选 新注 集评 欧阳修卷:辽宁人民出版社,1996:443-446

2、陈振鹏 张培恒.古文鉴赏辞典(下):上海辞书出版社,2001:1223-1226

六一居士传创作背景

  这篇文章作于熙宁三年(1070年)。当年七月,作者由青州知州改任蔡州知州,九月到蔡州(今河南汝南县)。自号“六一居士”。此时的作者在政治上想摆脱忧劳烦扰,早就有急流勇退的思想,于是他一直接连上表请求退休,至蔡州后,过起了清淡的生活,不久创作了这篇文章。

参考资料:

1、曲德来.唐宋八大家散文 广选 新注 集评 欧阳修卷:辽宁人民出版社,1996:443-446

2、吕晴飞.唐宋八大家散文鉴赏辞典:中国妇女出版社,1991:606-609

六一居士传鉴赏

  第一小节,作者先介绍了自己的二个别号“醉翁”、“六一居士”。“醉翁”是庆历六年他被贬滁州时的自号。熙宁元年,欧阳修又在颖州修建房屋,准备退居,他“既老而衰且病,将退休于颐水之上,则又更号六一居士。”滁州有滁山,颖州有颖水,合起来就表示出作者晚年想摆脱世间烦扰、寄悄山水的思想。

  第二小节,作者采用主客间答形式,借客人的提间,先说明自己称六一居士的含义,即晚年在家中陪伴一老翁自己的是一万卷书,一干卷金石遗文,一张琴,一盘棋,一壶酒。从这个称号的含义,一方面可以休察出作者晚年只赖于这五种物品的孤寂无聊的生活,另一方面也可看出作者想摆脱烦扰、凭此安度晚年的乐趣。但客人仍就作者多次更改称号提出疑问:“子欲逃名者乎?而屡易其号。此庄生所诮畏影而走乎日中者也;余将见子疾走大喘渴死,而名不得逃也。”对这个道理。作者不是不知道,所以他说:“吾因知名之不可逃,然亦知夫不必逃也;吾为此名,聊以志吾之乐尔。”由此引发,作者便开始抒写自己晚年陶醉于五种物品的乐趣,就是当此时,泰山在面前也看不见,炸雷劈破屋柱也不惊慌;即使在洞庭大原野奏起九韶仙乐,在涿鹿山前观看激烈战斗场面,也比不上这样快乐舒适。但是目前,作者还苦于不能在这些物品里面尽情亨乐。其原因,是“轩裳珪组劳吾形于外”二是“优患思虑劳吾心于内。”这样使得作者虽没生病而外貌已显得憔悴,虽还没太老而精神却已衰竭,没有什么空暇陶醉于这五种物品了。可见作者对官场生活已十分厌倦,因此急于退休过安闲的隐居生活。虽然作者目前还没能退休,但是他坚信,由于他向朝廷告老辞退已三年,朝廷总会能予批准,那时回到田园享受与五种物品交触之乐的愿望一定能实现;所以起下这个六一居士的名号来表达自己向往的乐趣。客人又间:“子知轩裳珪组之累其形,而不知五物之累其心乎?”于是作者接着分析,长期被官场拖累已经很觉劳苦了,而且还有很多优患缠身;为这五种物品吸引是精神上得到安逸,而且没有祸患。两者相比,当然是选择后者了。

  从第二小节的主容问答之中,作者晚年消极隐退的思想显露了出来。欧阳修年青时意气风发、豪情满怀。他以天下为己任,立志改革时弊,是范仲淹“庆历新政”运动的积极参与者。在文学上,他团结、提携一大批优秀文人,反对“西昆体”,倡导“古文”运动,被公认为文坛的领袖。但是,随着政治上的一次次受挫,一次次被放逐,他心恢意懒了。虽晚年被重新起用,官位也很高,但朝政的腐败,官场的尔虞我诈,加上志同道合的挚友的相继去世,使他再展宏图的幻想破灭了,思想开始消极、苦闷,甚至对王安石的变法也持了消极对立的态度。欧阳修从勇于改革到消极悲观,在政治生涯中可谓是虎头蛇尾、有始无终。这固然暴露了他思想上的弱点,但这也是当时社会和历史的局限。

  在主客对话的基础上,作者最后又进一步总结了自己想退隐的三条理由。一是年青时出去做官,年老了退休,不一定非得等到七十岁,这是人生的规律。二是自己任职期间并没有值得称赞的成绩。三是自己壮年时就想退职(欧阳修中年以后的诗文就多有辞官归田的思想),现在年老体弱就不能再贪图过分的荣耀俸禄了。作者说,具备这三条理由,即使没有五种物品的吸引,也应该离职了。言外之意是更何况有与这五种物品共处的乐趣。三条理由表面上看正当、充分,但字里行间却流着作者对仕宦生活的厌倦。

  这篇文章在传记文中是别具一格的。它没有具体叙述自己一生的主要经历,而是由自己晚年更名六一居士的由来说到自己的乐趣,又说到自己渴望退休的心情及对现实生活的厌倦。由于文章采用了汉赋的主客同答方式,所以很便于逐层推进地阐述这种思想和情趣,而且也使行文跌宕多姿、情感深切,本文的语言也是既平易晓杨又形象深刻。如作者写他陶醉于五种物品之时说“泰山在前而不见,疾雷破柱而不惊,虽响九奏于洞庭之野,阅大战于涿鹿之原,未足喻其乐且适也。”这比喻极为生动,它既喻为自然界的各种声响又喻为社会官场的糟杂事物。作者能置之而不顾,深刻说明他对五种物品的乐而不倦和专心致志。


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白居易《
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琴茶》


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柳永《
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如鱼水·帝里疏散》

欧阳修简介

唐代·欧阳修的简介


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欧阳修


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欧阳修(1007-1072),字永叔,号醉翁,晚号“六一居士”。汉族,吉州永丰(今江西省永丰县)人,因吉州原属庐陵郡,以“庐陵欧阳修”自居。谥号文忠,世称欧阳文忠公。北宋政治家、文学家、史学家,与韩愈、柳宗元、王安石、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、曾巩合称“唐宋八大家”。后人又将其与韩愈、柳宗元和苏轼合称“千古文章四大家”。

欧阳修共有诗(1122篇)

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