上汝州郡楼
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唐代]：李益
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上汝州郡楼译文及注释
译文
登上汝州城楼，看着眼前暗淡的黄昏景色，仿似身处边塞，耳边响起那熟悉的鼓角声，想到第一次登上此楼已是三十年前。
想到如今战火不熄灭，国家满目疮痍；满心惆怅不仅仅是因为这凋敝的秋天啊！
注释
汝州：今河南临汝，地处唐王朝的腹地。唐德宗建中年间，淮西节度使李希烈叛乱，汝州沦陷，成为唐王朝军队与叛军争夺的战场。
边州：边塞城市。
上汝州郡楼鉴赏
这是一首触景生情之作。境界苍凉，寄意深远。诗的首句中，“黄昏鼓角”写的是目所见、耳所闻，“似边州”写的是心所感。李益曾久佐戎幕，六出兵间，对边塞景物特别是军营中的鼓角声当然是非常熟悉的。这时，他登上汝州（州城在今河南临汝县）城楼，眼前展现的是暗淡的黄昏景色，耳边响起的是悲凉的鼓角声音，物与我会，情随景生，曾经对他如此熟悉的边塞生活重新浮上心头，不禁兴起了此时明明身在唐王朝的腹地而竟然又像身在边州的感慨。这个感慨既有感于个人的身世，更包含有时代的内容，分量是极其沉重的。这里虽然只用“似边州”三字淡描一笔，但这三个字寄慨无穷，贯串全篇。
首句是从空间回忆那遥远的边塞生活；接下来，第二句“三十年前上此楼”则是从时间回忆那漫长的已逝岁月。这句看来很平常，而且写得又很简单，既没有描绘三十年前登楼的情景，也没有叙说三十年来人事的变化；但字里行间，感慨系之，联系上一句读来，正如孙洙在《唐诗三百首》中评杜甫《江南逢李龟年》诗所说，“世运之治乱，年华之盛衰，……俱在其中”。
据近人考证，这首《上汝州郡楼》诗大约写于公元804年（唐德宗贞元二十年）李益五十七岁时，由此上溯三十年，其第一次登楼大致在他登进士第后做华州郑县簿尉期间。试考察他两次登楼间隔期间所发生的事情：就作者个人经历而言，他在郑县过了几年郁郁不得志的簿尉生活，又远走边塞，先后在朔方、幽州、鄜坊、邠宁等节度使幕下过了长时期的军旅生活；就时局变化而言，唐王朝愈来愈走向没落，藩镇割据的局面愈来愈积重难返，代宗、德宗两朝，不但河北三镇形同异域，淄青、淮西等地也成了动乱的策源地。在公元783年（德宗建中四年），汝州曾一度被淮西节度使李希烈攻陷；当李益第二次过汝州时，淮西之乱也还没有平定。三十年的变化是如此之大。他旧地重来，想到此身，从少壮变为衰老；想到此地，经受干戈洗礼，是腹地却似边陲。城郭依旧，人事全非。这时，抚今思昔，百感丛集，忧时伤世，万虑潮生，不能不既为岁月更迭而慨叹，又为国运升降而悲怆。这就是诗人在这首诗里紧接着写出了“今日山川对垂泪”这样一句的原因。
这第三句诗，会使人想起东晋过江诸人在新亭对泣的故事以及周顗所说“风景不殊，举目有江山之异”的话，也会使人想起杜甫《春望》诗中那“国破山河在”的名句。而在李益当时说来，这面对山川、怆然泣下的感触是纷至沓来、千头万绪的，既无法在这样一首小诗里表达得一清二楚，也不想把话讲得一干二净，只因他登楼时正是秋天，最后就以“伤心不独为悲秋”这样一句并不说明原因的话结束了他的诗篇。自从宋玉在《九辩》中发出“悲哉秋之为气也，萧瑟兮草木摇落而变衰”的悲吟后，“悲秋”成了诗歌中常见的内容。其实，单纯的悲秋是不存在的。如果宋玉只是为悲秋而悲秋，杜甫也不必在《咏怀古迹五首》之一中那样意味深长地说“摇落深知宋玉悲”了。这里，李益只告诉读者，他伤心的原因“不独为悲秋”，诗篇到此，戛然而止。而此诗篇外意、弦外音只能留待读者自己去探索。
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宋方壶《
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山坡羊·道情》
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下一首：
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萧抡谓《
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读书有所见作》
李益简介
唐代·李益的简介
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李益(约750—约830)， 唐代诗人，字君虞，祖籍凉州姑臧（今甘肃武威市凉州区），后迁河南郑州。大历四年(769)进士，初任郑县尉，久不得升迁，建中四年(783)登书判拔萃科。因仕途失意，后弃官在燕赵一带漫游。以边塞诗作名世，擅长绝句，尤其工于七绝。
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