封建论
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唐代]：柳宗元
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天地果无初乎？吾不得而知之也。生人果有初乎？吾不得而知之也。然则孰为近？曰：有初为近。孰明之？由封建而明之也。彼封建者，更古圣王尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武而莫能去之。盖非不欲去之也，势不可也。势之来，其生人之初乎？不初，无以有封建。封建，非圣人意也。
彼其初与万物皆生，草木榛榛，鹿豕狉狉，人不能搏噬，而且无毛羽，莫克自奉自卫。荀卿有言：“必将假物以为用者也。”夫假物者必争，争而不已，必就其能断曲直者而听命焉。其智而明者，所伏必众，告之以直而不改，必痛之而后畏，由是君长刑政生焉。故近者聚而为群，群之分，其争必大，大而后有兵有德。又有大者，众群之长又就而听命焉，以安其属。于是有诸侯之列，则其争又有大者焉。德又大者，诸侯之列又就而听命焉，以安其封。于是有方伯、连帅之类，则其争又有大者焉。德又大者，方伯、连帅之类又就而听命焉，以安其人，然后天下会于一。是故有里胥而后有县大夫，有县大夫而后有诸侯，有诸侯而后有方伯、连帅，有方伯、连帅而后有天子。自天子至于里胥，其德在人者死，必求其嗣而奉之。故封建非圣人意也，势也。
夫尧、舜、禹、汤之事远矣，及有周而甚详。周有天下，裂土田而瓜分之，设五等，邦群后。布履星罗，四周于天下，轮运而辐集；合为朝觐会同，离为守臣扞城。然而降于夷王，害礼伤尊，下堂而迎觐者。历于宣王，挟中兴复古之德，雄南征北伐之威，卒不能定鲁侯之嗣。陵夷迄于幽、厉，王室东徙，而自列为诸侯。厥后问鼎之轻重者有之，射王中肩者有之，伐凡伯、诛苌弘者有之，天下乖戾，无君君之心。余以为周之丧久矣，徒建空名于公侯之上耳。得非诸侯之盛强，末大不掉之咎欤？遂判为十二，合为七国，威分于陪臣之邦，国殄于后封之秦，则周之败端，其在乎此矣。
秦有天下，裂都会而为之郡邑，废侯卫而为之守宰，据天下之雄图，都六合之上游，摄制四海，运于掌握之内，此其所以为得也。不数载而天下大坏，其有由矣：亟役万人，暴其威刑，竭其货贿，负锄梃谪戍之徒，圜视而合从，大呼而成群，时则有叛人而无叛吏，人怨于下而吏畏于上，天下相合，杀守劫令而并起。咎在人怨，非郡邑之制失也。
汉有天下，矫秦之枉，徇周之制，剖海内而立宗子，封功臣。数年之间，奔命扶伤之不暇，困平城，病流矢，陵迟不救者三代。后乃谋臣献画，而离削自守矣。然而封建之始，郡国居半，时则有叛国而无叛郡，秦制之得亦以明矣。继汉而帝者，虽百代可知也。
唐兴，制州邑，立守宰，此其所以为宜也。然犹桀猾时起，虐害方域者，失不在于州而在于兵，时则有叛将而无叛州。州县之设，固不可革也。
或者曰：“封建者，必私其土，子其人，适其俗，修其理，施化易也。守宰者，苟其心，思迁其秩而已，何能理乎？”余又非之。
周之事迹，断可见矣：列侯骄盈，黩货事戎，大凡乱国多，理国寡，侯伯不得变其政，天子不得变其君，私土子人者，百不有一。失在于制，不在于政，周事然也。
秦之事迹，亦断可见矣：有理人之制，而不委郡邑，是矣。有理人之臣，而不使守宰，是矣。郡邑不得正其制，守宰不得行其理。酷刑苦役，而万人侧目。失在于政，不在于制，秦事然也。
汉兴，天子之政行于郡，不行于国，制其守宰，不制其侯王。侯王虽乱，不可变也，国人虽病，不可除也；及夫大逆不道，然后掩捕而迁之，勒兵而夷之耳。大逆未彰，奸利浚财，怙势作威，大刻于民者，无如之何，及夫郡邑，可谓理且安矣。何以言之？且汉知孟舒于田叔，得魏尚于冯唐，闻黄霸之明审，睹汲黯之简靖，拜之可也，复其位可也，卧而委之以辑一方可也。有罪得以黜，有能得以赏。朝拜而不道，夕斥之矣；夕受而不法，朝斥之矣。设使汉室尽城邑而侯王之，纵令其乱人，戚之而已。孟舒、魏尚之术莫得而施，黄霸、汲黯之化莫得而行；明谴而导之，拜受而退已违矣；下令而削之，缔交合从之谋周于同列，则相顾裂眦，勃然而起；幸而不起，则削其半，削其半，民犹瘁矣，曷若举而移之以全其人乎？汉事然也。
今国家尽制郡邑，连置守宰，其不可变也固矣。善制兵，谨择守，则理平矣。
或者又曰：“夏、商、周、汉封建而延，秦郡邑而促。”尤非所谓知理者也。
魏之承汉也，封爵犹建；晋之承魏也，因循不革；而二姓陵替，不闻延祚。今矫而变之，垂二百祀，大业弥固，何系于诸侯哉？
或者又以为：“殷、周，圣王也，而不革其制，固不当复议也。”是大不然。
夫殷、周之不革者，是不得已也。盖以诸侯归殷者三千焉，资以黜夏，汤不得而废；归周者八百焉，资以胜殷，武王不得而易。徇之以为安，仍之以为俗，汤、武之所不得已也。夫不得已，非公之大者也，私其力于己也，私其卫于子孙也。秦之所以革之者，其为制，公之大者也；其情，私也，私其一己之威也，私其尽臣畜于我也。然而公天下之端自秦始。
夫天下之道，理安斯得人者也。使贤者居上，不肖者居下，而后可以理安。今夫封建者，继世而理；继世而理者，上果贤乎，下果不肖乎？则生人之理乱未可知也。将欲利其社稷以一其人之视听，则又有世大夫世食禄邑，以尽其封略，圣贤生于其时，亦无以立于天下，封建者为之也。岂圣人之制使至于是乎？吾固曰：“非圣人之意也，势也。”
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韩愈《
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答李翊书》
柳宗元简介
唐代·柳宗元的简介
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柳宗元（773年－819年），字子厚，唐代河东（今山西运城）人，杰出诗人、哲学家、儒学家乃至成就卓著的政治家，唐宋八大家之一。著名作品有《永州八记》等六百多篇文章，经后人辑为三十卷，名为《柳河东集》。因为他是河东人，人称柳河东，又因终于柳州刺史任上，又称柳柳州。柳宗元与韩愈同为中唐古文运动的领导人物，并称“韩柳”。在中国文化史上，其诗、文成就均极为杰出，可谓一时难分轩轾。
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次韵题张氏耆逸堂
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宋代：
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汪炎昶
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游戏壶天岁月深，人间又见谪仙人。镜中商岭飘萧发，物外箕山自在身。
安石少徒轻冕绂，伏波老未厌风尘。输君物外全双美，洛社耆英汉逸民。