画鹰
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唐代]：杜甫
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素练风霜起，苍鹰画作殊。
㧐身思狡兔，侧目似愁胡。
绦镟光堪擿，轩楹势可呼。
画鹰译文及注释
译文
洁白画绢之上，突然腾起风霜气，原来纸上苍鹰，凶猛不同一般。
竦起身躯，想要捕杀狡兔；侧目而视，目光深碧锐利。
只要解开丝绳铁环，画鹰就会凌空飞去；只要轻轻呼唤一声，画鹰就会拍翅飞来。
何时让它搏击凡鸟，我们就会见到凡鸟血洒草原的壮观景象。
注释
素练：作画用的白绢。风霜：指秋冬肃杀之气。这里形容画中之鹰凶猛如挟风霜之杀气。风：一作“如”。
画作：作画，写生。殊：特异，不同凡俗。
㧐（sǒng）身：即竦身，收敛躯体准备搏击的样子。思狡免：想捕获狡兔。
侧目：斜视。《汉书·李广传》：“侧目而视，号曰苍鹰。”似愁胡：形容鹰的眼睛色碧而锐利。因胡人（指西域人）碧眼，故以此为喻。愁胡：指发愁神态的胡人。孙楚《鹰赋》：“深目峨眉，状如愁胡。”傅玄《猿猴赋》：“扬眉蹙额，若愁若嗔。”
绦：丝绳，指系鹰用的丝绳。镟：金属转轴，指鹰绳另一端所系的金属环。堪擿（zhāi）：可以解除。擿：同“摘”。
轩楹：堂前廊柱，指悬挂画鹰的地方。势可呼：画中的鹰势态逼真，呼之欲飞。
何当：安得，哪得。这里有假如的意思。击凡鸟：捕捉凡庸的鸟。
平芜：草原。
参考资料：
1、彭定求 等．全唐诗（上）．上海：上海古籍出版社，1986：543
2、萧涤非．杜甫诗选注．北京：人民文学出版社，1998：5
画鹰创作背景
这首题画诗写于开元（唐玄宗年号，713—741年）末期，与《房兵曹胡马》约作于同时，是杜甫早期的作品。此时诗人正当年少，富于理想，也过着“快意”的生活，充满着青春活力，富有积极进取之心。
参考资料：
1、海兵．杜甫诗全集祥注：新疆人民出版社，2000年12月：4
画鹰鉴赏
这是一首题画诗。作者借鹰言志，通过描绘画中雄鹰的威猛姿态和飞动的神情，以及搏击的激情，“曲尽其妙”（《瀛奎律髓》），从而表现了作者青年时代昂扬奋发的心志和鄙视平庸的性情。
全诗共八句，可分三层意思：一、二两句为第一层，点明题目。起用惊讶的口气：说是洁白的画绢上，突然腾起了一片风霜肃杀之气，这种肃杀之气，第二句随即点明：原来是矫健不凡的画鹰仿佛挟风带霜而起，极赞绘画的特殊技巧所产生的艺术效果。这首诗起笔是倒插法。杜甫《姜楚公画角鹰歌》的起笔说：“楚公画鹰鹰戴角，杀气森森到幽朔。”先从画鹰之人所画的角鹰写起，然后描写出画面上所产生的肃杀之气，这是正起。而此诗则先写“素练风霜起”，然后再点明“画鹰”，所以叫作倒插法。这种手法，一起笔就有力地刻画出画鹰的气势，吸引着读者。杜甫的题画诗善用此种手法，如《奉先刘少府新画山水障歌》的起笔说：“堂上不合生枫树，怪底江山起烟雾。”《画鹘行》的起笔说：“高堂见生鹘，飒爽动秋骨。”《奉观严郑公厅事岷山沱江画图十韵》的起笔说：“沱水临中座，岷山到北堂。”这些起笔诗句都能起到先声夺人的艺术效果。
中间四句为第二层，描写画面上苍鹰的神态，是正面文章。颔联两句是说苍鹰的眼睛和猢狲的眼睛相似，耸起身子的样子，好像是在想攫取狡猾的兔子似的，从而刻画出苍鹰搏击前的动作及其心理状态，是传神之笔，把画鹰一下子写活了，宛如真鹰。颈联两句是说系着金属圆轴的苍鹰，光彩照人，只要把丝绳解掉，即可展翅飞翔；悬挂在轩楹上的画鹰，神采飞动，气雄万夫，好像呼之即出，去追逐狡兔，从而描写出画鹰跃跃欲试的气势。作者用真鹰来作比拟，以这两联诗句，把画鹰描写得栩栩如生。
以上这两联中，“思”与“似”、“擿”与“呼”两对词，把画鹰刻画得极为传神。“思”写其动态，“似”写其静态，“擿”写其情态，“呼”写其神态。诗人用字精工，颇见匠心。通过这些富有表现力的字眼，把画鹰描写得同真鹰一样。是真鹰，还是画鹰，几难分辨。但从“堪”与“可”这两个推论之词来玩味，毕竟仍是画鹰。
最后两句进到第三层，承上收结，直把画鹰当成真鹰，寄托着作者的思想。“何当”含有希幸之意，就是希望画鹰能够变成真鹰，奋飞碧霄去搏击凡鸟。“毛血”句，见班固《西都赋》：“风毛雨血，洒野蔽天。”至于“凡鸟”，张上若说：“天下事皆庸人误之，末有深意。”这是把“凡鸟”喻为误国的庸人，似有锄恶之意。由此看来，此诗借咏《画鹰》以表现作者嫉恶如仇之心，奋发向上之志。作者在《杨监又出画鹰十二扇》一诗的结尾，同样寄寓着他自己的感慨：“为君除狡兔，会是翻鞲上。”
总起来看，这首诗起笔突兀，先勾勒出画鹰的气势，从“画作殊”兴起中间两联对画鹰神态的具体描绘，而又从“势可呼”顺势转入收结，寄托着作者的思想，揭示主题。
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杜甫《
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戏为韦偃双松图歌》
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黄庭坚《
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题郑防画夹五首》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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黄省曾
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去年愁里客京华，今日逢期不在家。桂醴兰肴□里奠，遥悬泪眼洒天涯。
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初七日丁丑长至前喜晴
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元代：
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方回
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楼南红气满霜天，新霁湖山晓色妍。
七日喜逢长至日，百年惭到古稀年。