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《垂老别》鉴赏_杜甫作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 翰韵典库
首页 > 诗文 > 垂老别 > 鉴赏

《垂老别》鉴赏

原文

四郊未宁静,垂老不得安。子孙阵亡尽,焉用身独完。

投杖出门去,同行为辛酸。幸有牙齿存,所悲骨髓干。

男儿既介胄,长揖别上官。老妻卧路啼,岁暮衣裳单。

孰知是死别,且复伤其寒。此去必不归,还闻劝加餐。

土门壁甚坚,杏园度亦难。势异邺城下,纵死时犹宽。

人生有离合,岂择衰老端。忆昔少壮日,迟回竟长叹。

万国尽征戍,烽火被冈峦。积尸草木腥,流血川原丹。

何乡为乐土,安敢尚盘桓。弃绝蓬室居,塌然摧肺肝。

赏析

  在平定安史之乱的战争中,唐军于邺城兵败之后,朝廷为防止叛军重新向西进扰,在洛阳一带到处征丁,连老翁老妇也不能幸免。《垂老别》就是抒写一老翁暮年从军与老妻惜别的苦情。

  一开头,诗人就把老翁放在“四郊未宁静”的时代的动乱气氛中,让他吐露出“垂老不得安”的遭遇和心情,语势低落,给人以沉郁压抑之感。他慨叹着说:“子孙都已在战争中牺牲了,剩下我这个老头,又何必一定要苟活下来!”话中饱蕴着老翁深重的悲思。战火逼近,官府要他上前线,于是老翁把拐杖一扔,颤巍巍地跨出了家门。“投杖出门去”,笔锋一振,暗示出主人公是一个深明大义的老人,他知道在这个多难的时代应该怎样做。但是他毕竟年老力衰了,同行的战士看到这番情景,不能不为之感叹唏嘘。“同行为辛酸”,就势跌落,从侧面烘托出这个已处于风烛残年的老翁的悲苦命运。“幸有牙齿存,所悲骨髓干。”牙齿完好无缺,说明还可以应付前线的艰苦生活,表现出老翁的倔强;骨髓行将榨干,又使他不由得悲愤难已。这里,语气又是一扬一跌,曲折地展示了老翁内心复杂的矛盾和变化。“男儿既介胄,长揖别上官。”作为男子汉,老翁既已披上戎装,那就义无反顾,告别长官慷慨出发了。语气显得昂扬起来。

  接下去,就出现了全诗最扣人心弦的描写:临离家门的时候,老翁原想瞒过老妻,来个不辞而别,好省去无限的伤心。谁知走了没有几步,迎面却传来了老妻的悲啼声。他唯一的亲人已哭倒在大路旁,褴褛的单衫正在寒风中瑟瑟抖动。这突然的发现,使老翁的心不由一下子紧缩起来。接着就展开了老夫妻间强抑悲痛、互相爱怜的催人泪下的心理描写:老翁明知生离就是死别,还得上前去搀扶老妻,为她的孤寒无靠吞声饮泣;老妻这时已哭得泪流满面,她也明知老伴这一去,十成是回不来了,但还在那里哑声叮咛:“到了前方,你总要自己保重,努力加餐呀!”这一小节细腻的心理描写,在结构上是一大跌落,把人物善良凄恻、愁肠寸断、难舍难分的情状,刻画得入木三分。正如吴齐贤《杜诗论文》所说:“此行已成死别,复何顾哉?然一息尚存,不能恝然,故不暇悲己之死,而又伤彼之寒也;乃老妻亦知我不返,而犹以加餐相慰,又不暇念己之寒,而悲我之死也。”究其所以感人,是因为诗人把“伤其寒”、“劝加餐”这类生活中极其寻常的同情劝慰语,分别放在“是死别”、“必不归”的极不寻常的特定背景下来表现。再加上无可奈何的“且复”,迥出人意的“还闻”,层层跌出,曲折状写,便收到了惊心动魄的艺术效果。

  “土门”以下六句,用宽解语重又振起。老翁毕竟是坚强的,他很快就意识到必须从眼前凄惨的氛围中挣脱出来。他不能不从大处着想,进一步劝慰老妻,也似乎在安慰自己:“这次守卫河阳,土门的防线还是很坚固的,敌军要越过黄河上杏园这个渡口,也不是那么容易。情况和上次邺城的溃败已有所不同,此去纵然一死,也还早得很哩!人生在世,总不免有个聚散离合,哪管你是年轻还是年老!”这些故作通达的宽慰话语,虽然带有强自振作的意味,不能完全掩饰老翁内心的矛盾,但也道出了乱世的真情,多少能减轻老妻的悲痛。“忆昔少壮日,迟回竟长叹。”眼看就要分手了,老翁不禁又回想起年轻时候度过的那些太平日子,不免徘徊感叹了一阵。情思在这里稍作顿挫,为下文再掀波澜,预为铺垫。

  “万国”以下六句,老翁把话头进一步引向现实,发出悲愤而又慷慨的呼声:“睁开眼看看吧!如今天下到处都是征战,烽火燃遍了山冈;草木丛中散发着积尸的恶臭,百姓的鲜血染红了广阔的山川,哪儿还有什么乐土?我们怎敢只想到自己,还老在那里踌躇徬徨?”这一小节有两层意思。一是逼真而广阔地展开了时代生活的画面,这是山河破碎、人民涂炭的真实写照。他告诉老妻:人间的灾难并不只是降临在他们两人头上,言外之意是要想开一些。一是面对凶横的敌人,他们不能再徘徊了,与其束手待毙,还不如扑上前去拼一场。通过这些既形象生动又概括集中的话语,诗人塑造了一个正直的、豁达大度而又富有爱国心的老翁形象,这在中国诗史上还不多见。从诗情发展的脉络来看,这是一大振起,难舍难分的局面终将结束了。

  “弃绝蓬室居,塌然摧肺肝。”到狠下心真要和老妻诀别离去的时候,老翁突然觉得五脏六腑内有如崩裂似的苦痛。这不是寻常的离别,而是要离开生于斯、长于斯、老于斯的家乡。长期患难与共、冷暖相关的亲人,转瞬间就要见不到了,此情此景,老翁难以承受。感情的闸门再也控制不住,泪水汇聚成人间的深悲巨痛。这一结尾,情思大跌,却蕴蓄着丰厚深长的意境:独行老翁的前途将会怎样,被扔下的孤苦伶仃的老妻将否陷入绝境,仓皇莫测的战局将怎样发展变化,这一切都将留给读者去体会、想象和思索。

  这首叙事短诗,并不以情节的曲折取胜,而是以人物的心理刻画见长。诗人用老翁自诉自叹、慰人亦即自慰的独白语气来展开描写,着重表现人物时而沉重忧愤、时而旷达自解的复杂的心理状态;而这种多变的情思基调,又决定了全诗的结构层次,于严谨整饬之中,具有跌宕起伏、缘情宛转之妙。

  杜甫高出于一般诗人之处,主要在于他无论叙事抒情,都能做到立足生活,直入人心,剖精析微,探骊得珠,通过个别反映一般,准确传神地表现他那个时代的生活真实,概括劳苦人民包括诗人自己的无穷辛酸和灾难。他的诗,博得“诗史”的美称,绝不是偶然的。

杜甫简介

唐代·杜甫的简介


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杜甫


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杜甫(712-770),字子美,自号少陵野老,世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等,汉族,河南府巩县(今河南省巩义市)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”,其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”,为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民,人格高尚,他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来,诗艺精湛,在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇,影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都,后世有杜甫草堂纪念。