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《蹇叔哭师》鉴赏_左丘明作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 翰韵典库
首页 > 诗文 > 蹇叔哭师 > 鉴赏

《蹇叔哭师》鉴赏

原文

  冬,晋文公卒。庚辰,将殡于曲沃。出绛,柩有声如牛。卜偃使大夫拜,曰:“君命大事将有西师过轶我,击之,必大捷焉。”

  杞子自郑使告于秦曰:“郑人使我掌其北门之管,若潜师以来,国可得也。”穆公访诸蹇叔。蹇叔曰:“劳师以袭远,非所闻也。师劳力竭,远主备之,无乃不可乎?师之所为,郑必知之。勤而无所,必有悖心。且行千里,其谁不知?”公辞焉。召孟明、西乞、白乙使出师于东门之外。蹇叔哭之曰:“孟子!吾见师之出而不见其入也。”公使谓之曰:“尔何知!中寿,尔墓之木拱矣!”

  蹇叔之子与师,哭而送之,曰:“晋人御师必于崤,有二陵焉。其南陵,夏后皋之墓地;其北陵,文王之所辟风雨也,必死是间,余收尔骨焉?秦师遂东。

赏析

  蹇叔的论战之道几千年来一直为世人称道,被奉为“知己知彼”的楷模。然而秦穆公没有听从蹇叔的正确意见。秦穆公利令智昏,一意孤行,执意要派孟明视(百里奚的儿子)、白乙丙、西乞术(蹇叔的两个儿子)三帅率部出征。蹇叔实际上已失去进谏的正常渠道,但他仍然不放弃努力——以“哭师”的形式来进谏,直言不讳地指出此次袭郑的必然结果。在送别秦国出征之师的时候,痛哭流涕地警告官兵们说:“恐怕你们这次袭郑不成,反会遭到晋国的埋伏,我只有到崤山去给士兵收尸了。”“哭师”召来了秦伯的诅咒、辱骂,这在封建社会是非常可怕的事情,但是蹇叔继续进谏——以“哭子”的形式来进谏,准确地指出晋国“必御师于崤”。想通过“哭子”的形式再次使自己的意见传导给国君。

  文中卜官郭偃和老臣蹇叔的预见有如先知,料事真如神,秦军后来果然在崤山大败而归,兵未发而先哭之,实在是事前就为失败而哭,并非事后诸葛亮。

  郭偃托言的所谓“君命大事”,不过是个借口,人们根据经验完全可以作出类似的判断,乘虚而入,乱而取之,是战争中常用的手法。作为政治家和军事家,如果不具备这种经验和头脑,应当属于不称职之列。从蹇叔一方看,他作为开国老臣,也具有这方面的经验,对手并非等闲之辈,不可能在非常时刻没有防备,因此,此时出征无异于自投罗网。

  秦穆公急欲扩张自己势力的心情,导致他犯了一个致命的常识性的错误,违反了“知己知彼”这个作战的基本前提。敌手早有防备,以逸待劳,必定获胜;劳师远袭,疲惫不堪,没有战斗力,必定惨败。其中原因大概是攻城略地的心情太急切了,以至连常识都顾不上,当然是咎由自取。马有失前蹄的时候,人也有过失的时候,而在利令智昏的情况下所犯的错误,则是不可宽恕的。利令智昏而犯常识性的错误,更是不可宽恕。

  再说,当初秦国曾与晋国一起企图消灭郑国,后来又与郑国订立盟约。此时不仅置盟约不顾,就连从前的同伙也成了觊觎的对象。言而无信,自食其言,不讲任何道义、仁德,这同样应当遭天谴,遭惩罚。当人心目中没有权威之时,便没有了戒惧;没有了戒惧,就会私欲急剧膨胀;私欲急剧膨胀便会为所欲为,无法无天。春秋的诸侯混战,的确最充分地使人们争权夺利的心理。手法、技巧发挥到了极致,也使命运成了最不可捉模和把握的东西。弱肉强食是普遍流行的无情法则,一朝天子一朝臣,泱泱大国可能在一夜之间倾覆,区区小国也可能在一夜之间暴发起来。由此可见,“先知”是没有的;而充满睿智并富有经验者,往往被人们认为是“先知”。

  这篇文章虽短,但结构上却充分体现了《左传》的叙事特色,即情节曲折多变,行文起伏跌宕,叙述有条不紊。文章以秦国老臣蹇叔谏阻、哭师、哭子为线索,复以秦穆公拒谏、诅咒相间其中,使全文在结构上起伏有致、曲折多变。

  其次,这篇文章在塑造形象上也充分体现出《左传》通过人物的语言和行动刻划人物性格,将人物与情节结构融为一体的特色。这篇文章虽短,却成功地塑造了一个老成先见、忧国虑远的老臣形象和一个刚愎自用、利令知昏的君主形象。两个形象一明一暗,一显一隐,然而又相互映衬,相得益彰。俗话说,姜是老的辣。蹇叔虽老,但仍不失足智多谋、思深虑远。

左丘明简介

唐代·左丘明的简介


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左丘明


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丘明(姓姜,氏丘,名明),华夏人,生于前502年,死于前422年,享年80岁。丘穆公吕印的后代。本名丘明,因其先祖曾任楚国的左史官,故在姓前添“左”字,故称左史官丘明先生,世称“左丘明”,后为鲁国太史 。左氏世为鲁国太史,至丘明则约与孔子(前551-479)同时,而年辈稍晚。他是当时著名史家、学者与思想家,著有《春秋左氏传》、《国语》等。他左丘明的最重要贡献在于其所著《春秋左氏传》与《国语》二书。左氏家族世为太史,左丘明又与孔子一起“如周,观书于周史”,故熟悉诸国史事,并深刻理解孔子思想。