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《难忘曲》鉴赏_李贺作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 翰韵典库
首页 > 诗文 > 难忘曲 > 鉴赏

《难忘曲》鉴赏

原文

夹道开洞门,弱柳低画戟。

帘影竹华起,萧声吹日色。

蜂语绕妆镜,拂蛾(é)学春碧。

乱系丁香梢,满栏花向夕。

赏析

蜂语绕妆镜,拂蛾学春碧。

  此诗的起句采取了乐府《相逢行》传统的开篇方式:“夹道开洞门,弱柳低画戟”,先极力描写府第的高大、华贵、庄严,如古辞:“黄金为君门,白玉为君堂。……中庭生桂树,华灯何煌煌”;南朝梁张率:“高门既如一,甲第复相似”;昭明太子萧统:“朱门间皓壁,刻桷映晨离。阶植若华草,光影逐飙移。”但在具体的描写方法与文字技巧运用上,又存在明显的差异。李贺诗没有铺金叠翠,也没有用什么渲染夸张的词汇修饰,却通过一种暗示性的笔触,将府第的高大庄严充分地显现出来。这里,诗人不写府第的壮丽庄严,而写道狭;不写门前那标志着身份地位的画戟如何高大,而写高高的垂柳却低于画戟。实际上,是府第的宏伟而使道路显得狭窄;画戟的高大而使垂柳显得低矮。这种透过一层、深入一层的写法,使府第的气派在“夹道”与“弱柳”的衬托之中,恍然如在目前。与那些直写府第高大华贵的诗句相比,不仅更富有诗的含蓄,而且也更容易引起读者的联想。

  接下两句进一步渲染府第深院的环境气氛。按照传统乐府的写法,这里应该描写的是,深深庭院中到处高屋栉鳞、繁华似绵的景象。而诗人却抛开了这些早已被《相逢行》的作者们写俗了的写法,仅仅选择了这样一个镜头:“帘影竹华起,箫声吹日色。”这两句诗都极力写动,似乎要以帘动与箫声为这华贵的大院增添一点儿热闹的气氛。然而,从艺术效果来说,帘动与箫声,不仅没有使大院增加一分生气,反而使人感到了人生经历中不常体验到的一种沉寂。这两句诗的写法,和南朝梁王籍《入若耶溪》中的名句:“蝉噪林愈静,鸟鸣山更幽”有些类似,同样都是以动写静,但王籍笔下的静,使人感到的是大自然的优美和沉浸于其中的惬意,透露出人与自然神交以后的精神意趣。而李贺笔下的静,却给人一种与世隔绝后难以忍受的空寂感,甚至隐隐地在繁华似锦中透露出抒情主人公内心的凄凉与无可奈何,这才是这两句诗真正所要体现的意趣与心态。

  关于在这种沉寂的环境里生活的人的样子,诗的第四句虽然透露出一点儿信息,但那是在帘幕之后“犹抱琵琶半遮面”的隐隐约约的形象,还不能让人一下子看清她的面目。于是,诗的第五、六两句就把镜头转而直接对准了这深院中的人物:“蜂语绕妆镜,画蛾学春碧。”原来这位伴着帘影、伴着“箫声吹日色”的抒情主人公竟是一位女子。只见她站立在梳妆台前,对镜描绘着蛾眉。而那蜜蜂“嗡嗡”叫着,好像也知欣赏其美貌一样地飞前飞后,“议论不休”,好象在寻找着散发出阵阵芳香的花儿。这两句写人物非常含蓄传神,始终没露出人物的容貌形象,却抓住蜜蜂错把女子当成鲜花的细节和女子对镜梳妆的一个动作,写出她如花似玉的美貌,透露出她对美的追求,同时,也流露出几分顾影自怜之意。这样一位美貌的女子,她的青春、她的生命活力,居然只能在对镜梳妆中慢慢消逝,只能在孤独寂寞中百无聊赖地度过。这是十分难堪的境地,也是非常不幸的生活。

  最后两句是全诗的高潮,也是点睛之笔。诗人的镜头从闺房摇向庭院,展现了一幅十分美丽动人而又带有几缕忧伤的画面:“乱系丁香结,满栏花向夕”。“乱系”与冯延巳《谒金门》“闲引鸳鸯芳经里,手挼红杏蕊”中的“手挼”是一个意思。这里诗人捕捉住最能反映人物内心活动的动作,写她手里系着丁香结,可她的心好像又并不在这儿。她在想,在盼望,又在感伤。短短的几个字,意味无穷,把女主人公心绪茫茫、心事重重、茫然无措又惆怅伤感的种种复杂心情写得真切可感,恍然可见。最后的结句也很精妙,不写人物,不抒情思,却落在写景上,描绘出花园中满栏的鲜花沐浴着夕阳的余辉、格外动人的景象。这是写景,也是言情,其字里行间,分明传达出了“夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏”的意趣。这里的“向夕”二字尤其耐人寻味。它写出了这眼下的鲜花已不是初春时节蓓蕾初绽的时光,而是已经开始“向夕”了。即是说,它们春花烂漫、最有魅力的时刻就要逝去,美好的日子已经所剩无几,等待它们的将是不可避免的凋残的命运。显然,诗人这里写花、写景,都含有暗喻、象征的意味。这闺中少女青春无几,这花就是她虚度年华、青春将逝的命运的形象写照。透过这个以花喻人的结句,再回过头去品味全诗,就不难理解诗人为什么要特地描写“帘影竹华起,箫声吹日色”的清幽寂寞气氛,去渲染时光的难捱,独处的百无聊赖。也不难理解诗人为什么要通过女主人公对镜梳妆的情节,去实现人物试图以精心的梳妆打扮挽住即将逝去的青春年华,以葆青春常驻的心理情绪。同时,也可以进一步理解女主人公在“乱系丁香梢”时所倾注的复杂感情。诗贵含蓄,结句尤重含蓄蕴藉。这个结句确实结得很妙,它不仅照应全诗,又能言有尽而意无穷,给人留下充分的回味余地。

  这首诗最突出的特点,就是没有一句一字直接将诗意说破,却又在字字句句中蕴含着诗意。每一笔描写,每一处刻画,看似互不相涉,跳跃性极大,却又能以内在的情感线索联结在一起,使人读来自有一种含蓄美、朦胧美,给人以余味不尽的美感。

  李贺的这首《难忘曲》,并不仅仅是为写美人迟暮而写美人迟暮。美人迟暮的题材在传统诗歌中,都是用来表现怀才不遇的主题的。李贺的诗歌总是充满了哀怨凄凉的声音。这首诗中的被锁在高墙内孤凄的、无人赏识的、没有机会为人赏识的美人,实际也寄托了诗人自己受压抑而不能发挥才能的不幸遭遇,这也是他为何将此诗名为《难忘曲》的真正原因。如果再进一步了解了《相逢行》这一乐府古题最早的含义,也许会更有助于对这首诗诗意的理解。《乐府题解》在解释《相逢行》古辞时说:“晋陆机《长安有狭斜行》云:‘伊、洛有歧路,歧路交朱轮’,则言世路险狭邪僻,正直之士无所措手足矣。”

李贺简介

唐代·李贺的简介


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李贺


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李贺(约公元791年-约817年),字长吉,汉族,唐代河南福昌(今河南洛阳宜阳县)人,家居福昌昌谷,后世称李昌谷,是唐宗室郑王李亮后裔。有“诗鬼”之称,是与“诗圣”杜甫、“诗仙”李白、“诗佛”王维相齐名的唐代著名诗人。著有《昌谷集》。李贺是中唐的浪漫主义诗人,与李白、李商隐称为唐代三李。有“‘太白仙才,长吉鬼才’之说。李贺是继屈原、李白之后,中国文学史上又一位颇享盛誉的浪漫主义诗人。李贺长期的抑郁感伤,焦思苦吟的生活方式,元和八年(813年)因病辞去奉礼郎回昌谷,27岁英年早逝。