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《五月旦作和戴主簿》鉴赏_陶渊明作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 翰韵典库

《五月旦作和戴主簿》鉴赏

原文

虚舟纵逸棹,回复遂无穷。

发岁始俯仰,星纪奄将中。

南窗罕悴物,北林荣且丰。

神萍写时雨,晨色奏景风。

既来孰不去?人理固有终。

居常待其尽,曲肱岂伤冲。

迁化或夷险,肆志无窊隆。

即事如已高,何必升华嵩。

赏析

  “虚舟纵逸棹”,纵是操纵,这里可以理解为是被动用法,被“逸棹”所操纵。逸棹,就是把船划得很快;结合前面的“虚舟”来理解:在轻舟上,飞快地划着船桨,说的是速度之快。这只是字面的意思。“回复遂无穷”,回复,是说循环反复,循环反复以至于无穷无尽。诸家注本都说,这里说的是时间,“时光不停,迅速流逝,四季循环,无穷无尽”。

  上面两句是虚写,写大的概念,时间流逝极快,且循环反复至于无穷。接着两句,具体地写。在日常生活中,一天天、一年年,很快就过去了。“发岁始俛仰”,发岁,是说一年刚开始;俛仰,通“俯仰”,俯是低头,仰是抬头,在这样的抬头与低头之间,一年才刚开始,马上就到五月了,马上就要过去半年了。“星纪奄将中”,星纪,简单的理解就是天上的日月星辰,一年;奄,表示时间之快;将中,将到正中,指年中;在一俯一仰之间,马上就要到年中了。《离骚》中说,“日月忽其不淹兮,春与秋其代序”,说的是时间匆匆而过,不为人们而停留,在眨眼之间,春天走了,秋天来了,循环反复。

  这首诗写的时间是五月。上面也说了,时间过的很快,俯仰之间,马上就到年中了,就到五月了。紧接着写的,就是在五月的时候,自然万物是什么样的情况。“南窗罕悴物,北林荣且丰”,不论是南窗还是北林,花草树木都生机盎然。这里是互文。互文的特点,是互相呼应,互相补充。比如这句,不能说南窗没有枯萎的花草,北边的树木很茂盛。不能这么分开说。它们是一个整体,是在描述这个季节的自然景象。这两句写树木,下面两句写风雨。“神萍写时雨,晨色奏景风”,“萍”一作“渊”,意思是天渊。下大雨的时候,天空乌云密布,望过去就好像是深渊一样,同时,它又是在天上的,天上的东西在古人看来,都是神灵一样的东西,都需要有敬畏之心,所以称为“神渊”。“写”通“泻”,和下面的“时雨”连起来理解,“时雨”是应时应季的雨。在五月份的时候,天上下着应时的雨。“晨色”是清晨的景色,清晨的时候,万物都很美好;在这时候,还伴随着五月的和暖的南风。此时正是五月份,又有温暖的南风吹过来,真是好时节。

  以上四句,花草树木也好,风和雨也罢,陶渊明在这里不只是要写大自然的这样一种美好,他是在说,什么样的季节,有什么样的自然景象,它们是应时而来的;季节一过,它们也就会消失了。“既来孰不去”,紧接着,他就说了,“既来”,南窗北林的那些花草树木,现在都生长的很茂盛,天上下着应时的雨,还有那温暖的南风,这些,在五月这样的季节,它们都来了,都应时地出现了,但是,“孰不去?”这是问句,其实是明知故问的,它们是肯定要去的,要离开的,这是自然规律,有来必有去。这样的道理,和人生是一样的,有生必有死。“人理固有终”,人这一辈子,和大自然的花草树木是一样的道理,有繁盛美好的时候,也会有凋落的时候,“固有终”,本来就有终了的时候,就是“人固有一死”的意思,是不可抗拒的。

  春秋的时候,有一个人叫荣启期,他和孔子有过对话。有一回,孔子去泰山游玩,在路上碰到了荣启期。当时,荣启期穿的很破,书上说是“鹿裘带索”,裘是大衣,鹿裘不是说用鹿皮做的皮衣,而是指一种较为粗糙的外衣,古时候是丧服或者是隐士穿的衣服,“带索”,说的是在腰间随便用绳索系上。即使是这样穷苦,荣启期依然是“鼓琴而歌”,他一边弹琴一边快乐地吟唱着。孔子就问他,你为什么这么高兴呢?荣启期回答说,我高兴的原因有很多。然后他就列举了三方面的原因:天地之间,人为贵,而我是人,这是一乐;男尊女卑,世间以男为贵,而我是男的,这是第二乐;有的人没活几岁就夭折了,而我现在已经活到九十岁了,这是第三乐;这样,我还不应该高兴吗?说完这三乐,荣启期总结说,“贫者,士之常也”,穷苦是读书人经常会面对的;“死者,民之终也”,死亡的事情大家都一样,这是所有人最后的结局,那么,我现在,“居常以待终”,我安心处于平常状态,等待和大家都一样的结果,这有何不快乐呢?这是荣启期的故事。

  前面说,“人理固有终”,人这一生,肯定是有终了的时候,所有人都一样,都会死的。那么人们能做的就是“居常待其尽”,就坦然地面对,安心地生活吧,死亡是终究会来的。这个意思,和荣启期所说的“居常以待终”,意思是一样的。对于读书人来说,生活上的清贫是常事,人要坚守得住,不要因为生活贫困,就轻易改变人生准则,就去曲意逢迎或者自怜自哀;至于死亡,则是所有人都会面对的,没什么值得害怕。那么,能够认清楚这一点,再苦的生活都不算什么,人照样可以每天快快乐乐的。安心处于平常状态,等待和大家都一样的结果,这有何不快乐?“曲肱岂伤冲”,有一个成语,叫“曲肱而枕”,把胳膊弯起来,枕着睡觉。《论语·述而》上说,吃粗粮,喝冷水,弯起胳膊当作枕头,这样的生活也很有乐趣的。陶渊明在这里说,这样的生活,“岂伤冲”,怎么会有损于“冲虚之道”呢?冲虚之道,简单地说,是那种淡泊的、恬淡的生活。另一层意思,这个“冲”、“虚”,是道教里经常出现的字眼。到这里可以看出,这个戴主簿大概是个学道求仙一类的人,而陶渊明写这首唱和诗,来表明自己的人生态度:时间循环反复至于无穷,而人的生命是有限的,是会终了的,那么就要“居常待其尽”,坦然地面对,安心地生活,即便吃粗粮喝凉水,枕着胳膊睡觉,也不失为人生乐事,不必去求长生、去求仙问道。

  “迁化或夷险,肆志无窊隆”,日月星辰是不断在变换的。大自然如此,人生也一样。在这样不断的迁移变化当中,总不免有顺利的时候、也会有艰难险阻的时候。这里的“或夷险”,是或夷或险,有时候平坦有时候艰难。人生是这样的,不会是一帆风顺。那么,“肆志”就好了,只要能做到纵心任性,能够保持心志的自由,那就无所谓“窊隆”了。说的是心灵要自由,不要总惦记着富贵,惦记着长生不老那些事情,那样心会被束缚住的。窊隆,这里引申为“穷通、贵贱”。心志只要是自由的,是纵心任性的,那么就无所谓穷通贵贱了。

  所以,最后陶渊明就说,“即事如以高”,对于这些事情,自然变化、生与死、穷困与富贵,等等这些,如果有很高明的,很通达的认识的话,那么,“何必升华嵩”,何必去寻仙,何必上华山、上嵩山去修炼呢?华山和嵩山,是人们寻道修佛的地方。这两句是全诗的总结。

  这首唱和诗,它所唱和的,大抵是戴主簿这个人,乐衷于寻仙访道,或者,彼此间有过类似的交流,在这里,陶渊明就用这首诗来阐述自己的人生观。这首诗的口气非常坚定,可以看得出来陶渊明归隐之后的决心。生与死、贫穷与富贵这些问题,他用平常心去对待,恬然自得。他就认定了人生应该这样。

陶渊明简介

唐代·陶渊明的简介


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陶渊明


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陶渊明(约365年—427年),字元亮,(又一说名潜,字渊明)号五柳先生,私谥“靖节”,东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族,东晋浔阳柴桑人(今江西九江)。曾做过几年小官,后辞官回家,从此隐居,田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材,相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。