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《寡人之于国也》鉴赏_孟子弟子录作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 翰韵典库

《寡人之于国也》鉴赏

原文

  梁惠王曰:“寡人之于国也,尽心焉耳矣。河内凶,则移其民于河东,移其粟于河内;河东凶亦然。察邻国之政,无如寡人之用心者。邻国之民不加少,寡人之民不加多,何也?

  孟子对曰:“王好战,请以战喻。填然鼓之,兵刃既接,弃甲曳兵而走。或百步而后止,或五十步而后止。以五十步笑百步,则何如?”曰:“不可,直不百步耳,是亦走也。”曰:“王如知此,则无望民之多于邻国也。不违农时,谷不可胜食也;数罟不入洿池,鱼鳖不可胜食也;斧斤以时入山林,材木不可胜用也。谷与鱼鳖不可胜食,材木不可胜用,是使民养生丧死无憾也。养生丧死无憾,王道之始也。五亩之宅,树之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣。鸡豚狗彘之畜,无失其时,七十者可以食肉矣。百亩之田,勿夺其时,数口之家,可以无饥矣;谨庠序之教,申之以孝悌之义,颁白者不负戴于道路矣。七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饥不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。狗彘食人食而不知检,涂有饿莩而不知发,人死,则曰:‘非我也,岁也。’是何异于刺人而杀之,曰‘非我也,兵也’?王无罪岁,斯天下之民至焉。”

赏析

  这篇文章写孟子同梁惠王的谈话。当时各国为了要增产粮食和扩充兵员,都苦于劳动力不足,所以梁惠王要同邻国争夺百姓,采取了自以为“尽心”的措施,可是目的并没有达到。孟子抓住了这个矛盾,指出梁惠王的“尽心”并不能使百姓归顺,同时提出自己的主张,只有“行王道,施仁政”,才是治国的根本办法。全文可分为三个部分。

  第一部分(第1段),提出“民不加多”的疑问。战国时代,各诸侯国的统治者,对外争城夺地,相互攻伐,“争地以战,杀人盈野;争城以战,杀人盈城”;对内残酷剥削,劳役繁重,破坏生产力。这就造成了兵员缺乏、劳力不足。争夺人力,成为各诸侯国统治者的当务之急。梁惠王提出“民不加多”的疑问之前,自诩“寡人之于国也,尽心焉耳矣”,然后以赈灾救民为例,申说自己治国胜于“邻国之政”,“河内凶,则移其民于河东,移其粟于河内;河东凶亦然”。从两方面描述救灾的具体措施。“察邻国之政,无如寡人之用心者”,进一步突出梁惠王的自矜,为下文的“五十步笑百步”作铺垫。“邻国之民不加少,寡人之民不加多,何也?”梁惠王希望更多的民归附自己,孟子正是利用梁惠王的这种心理来宣传“仁政”思想并想引导他实行王道政治的。

  第二部分(第2-4段),分析“民不加多”的原因。孟子不直接回答“民不加多”的问题,而是用梁惠王熟悉的事例设喻,启发对方,使对方容易接受。“王好战,请以战喻。”总提一句,然后举出两个逃兵“弃甲曳兵而走”的两种情况。根据败逃距离的远近,提出“以五十步笑百步,则如何”的反问,进一步启发,诱使对方在不知不觉中说出否定自己论点的话:“不可,直不百步耳,是亦走也。”最后以子之矛攻子之盾,“王如知此,则无望民之多于邻国也”。这两句忽然转入正题,既回答了“民不加多”的原因,又揭示了五十步笑百步的寓意:梁惠王的“移民移粟”跟邻国统治者的治国不尽心,实质上没有什么区别,只是形式上数量上不同而已。这里暗示着梁惠王搞小恩小惠并不能使民加多,要使民加多,必须施仁政、行王道。于是文章就自然而然地由第二部分过渡到第三部分。

  第三部分(第5-7段),阐述了孟子“仁政”的具体内容──使民加多的根本措施。

  第5段阐述“王道之始”的道理。孟子认为,合理地发展生产,使老百姓“养生丧死而无憾”是实行仁政的开端,也是使民加多的初步措施。“不违农时,谷不可胜食也。数罟不入洿池,鱼鳖不可胜食也。斧斤以时入山林,材木不可胜用也。”三组排句,提出了发展生产的三种措施,以及采取这些措施后所产生的效果。连用“不可胜……也”的句式,给人以吃不完、用不尽的感觉,大大增加了文章的说服力和感染力。接着又用“谷与鱼鳖不可胜食,材木不可胜用”来小结前三组排句,又以这个结论为前提推出新的结论:“王道之始也。”作者在这里把三层意思、三方面的内容紧紧联系在一起,并把“使民加多”的问题跟行王道紧密联系起来。

  第6段,阐述王道之成的道理。这一段,孟子进一步提出教养百姓,使民心归顺的仁政主张,也是“使民加多”的根本措施。“五亩之宅,树之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣。鸡豚狗彘之畜,无失其时,七十者可以食肉矣。百亩之田,勿夺其时,数口之家可以无饥矣。”这三组排句又提出了发展生产的三种措施,以及采取这些措施后所产生的效果。这三种措施与上文的三种措施相比,显然前进了一步,具有更强的主观能动性。孟子不仅主张养民,还主张教民:“谨庠序之教,申之以孝悌之义,颁白者不负戴于道路矣。”作者在这里连用四组排句,把自己的主张层层铺叙,渲染得有声有色,为梁惠王展现出一幅美好的前景。然后用“七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饥不寒”两句承上启下,顺理成章地得出“然而不王者,未之有也”的结论,与前文“王道之始也”相呼应。

  第7段,阐述使民加多应有的态度。孟子批评统治者的虐政,从反面证明自己主张的正确。前两段已经把行王道的道理讲得十分透彻,这一段照应文章的开头。梁惠王口口声声说“于国尽心”,可是“狗彘食人食而不知检,涂有饿莩而不知发”,哪里谈得上“尽心”呢?“狗彘食人食”和“涂有饿莩”形成鲜明的对比,深刻地揭示了当时社会的不平等。接着作者针对统治者归罪于岁的推诿,运用比喻进行驳斥:“涂有饿莩”归罪于年成不好,如同“刺人而杀之”归罪于武器一样荒唐,害民的不是荒年而是统治者的虐政。最后两句,“王无罪岁,斯天下之民至焉”,言简意赅。不归罪于年岁,而是要反省自己,革除虐政,施仁政,行王道,使百姓住有房,耕有田,吃饱穿暖用足,接受教育,懂得礼义,才能使他们归服。“斯天下之民至焉”回答了开篇梁惠王提出的“民不加多”的疑问。

孟子弟子录简介

唐代·孟子弟子录的简介


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