咏三良
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魏晋]：陶渊明
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弹冠乘通津，但惧时我遗。
服勤尽岁月，常恐功愈微。
忠情谬获露，遂为君所私。
出则陪文舆，人必侍丹帷。
箴规响已从，计议初无亏。
一朝长逝后，愿言同此归。
厚恩固难忘，君命安可违！
临穴罔惟疑，投义志攸希。
荆棘笼高坟，黄鸟声正悲。
良人不可赎，泫然沾我衣。
咏三良译文及注释
译文
出仕为官居要职，只怕蹉跎好时光。
一年到头勤效力，常恐功绩不辉煌。
忠情偶尔得表现，于是得宠近君王。
出门陪同在车边，入宫服侍丹帷旁。
规劝之言即听取，建议从来不虚枉。
一旦君王长逝后，愿得一道把命亡。
君王恩厚难相忘，君命怎能敢违抗！
面临坟墓不犹豫，献身大义志所望。
草丛笼罩高坟墓，黄鸟啼鸣声悲伤。
三良性命不可救，泪水沾湿我衣裳。
注释
三良：指春秋时秦国子车氏的三个儿子：奄息、仲行、针虎。三人都是秦穆公的宠臣。穆公死，三人遵穆公遗嘱为之殉葬。
弹冠：弹去帽子上的灰尘，即整洁衣冠，指准备出仕为官。乘：驾驭，占据。通津：本指交通要道，这里指高官要职。《古诗十九首·今日良宴会》：“何不策高足，先据要路津。”
时我遗：即“时遗我”的倒装句，时不我待之意。我：指三良。
服勤：犹言服侍、效劳。《礼记·檀弓上》：“服勤至死。”孔颖达疏：“服勤者，谓服持勤苦劳辱之事。”尽岁月：一年到头。
功愈微：功劳甚小。愈：更加。
谬（miù）：错误，这是作为臣子的自谦之词。获露：得到表现。
私：亲近，宠爱。
文舆（yú）：华美的车子。这里指穆公所乘之车。
丹帷（wéi）：红色的帷幕。这里指穆公寝居之所。
箴（zhēn）规：规谏劝戒。响已从：一发言就听从。
初无亏：从不拒绝或轻视。亏：枉为。
言：语助词，无意义。同此归：一道去死。《史记·秦本纪》之《征义》引应劭曰：“秦穆公与群臣饮，酒酣，公曰：‘生共此乐，死共此哀。’于是奄息、仲行、针虎许诺。及公薨（hōng），皆从死。”
“君命”句：《史记·秦本纪）载，秦穆公死，康公立，遵照穆公的遗嘱，杀了一百七十四人殉葬，秦大夫子车氏三于亦从殉，共“一百七十七人”。“君命安可违”即指此事。安，怎能。
“临穴”句：面对坟墓没有犹豫。罔（wǎng）：无。惟：语助词，无意义。疑：犹疑，犹豫。《诗经·秦风·黄鸟》：“临其穴，惴惴其栗。”
投义：献身于大义。攸（yōu）：所。希：愿。
“黄鸟”句：《诗经·秦风·黄鸟》：“交交黄鸟，止于棘。谁从穆公？子车奄息。维此奄息，百夫之特。临其穴，惴惴其栗。彼苍天者，歼我良人！如可赎兮，人百其身！”
不可赎：不能挽救赎回。语本《诗经·秦风·黄鸟》：“彼苍天者，歼我良人！如可赎兮，人百其身！”
泫（xuàn）然：伤心流泪的样子。《韩非子·外储说右上》：“公泫然出涕曰：’不亦悲乎！’”
参考资料：
1、龚 望．陶渊明集评议．天津：南开大学出版社，2011：92-93
2、郭维森 包景诚．陶渊明集全译．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1992：231-233
咏三良创作背景
这首诗具体创作时间大致有两说：一说从这首诗的内容来看，当作于南朝宋武帝永初二年（421年）之后不久，约在永初三年（422年），陶渊明五十八岁；一说约作于东晋安帝义熙十年（414年），与《杂诗十二首》写作时间相近，陶渊明五十岁。
参考资料：
1、郭维森 包景诚．陶渊明集全译．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，1992：231-233
咏三良鉴赏
奄息、仲行、针虎三人合称“三良”，都是杰出的人才，他们为秦穆公殉葬，历代多有咏“三良”的诗文。《左传·文公六年》：“秦伯任好卒，以子车氏之三子奄息、仲行、针虎为殉，皆秦之良也。国人哀之，为之赋《黄鸟》。”《诗经·秦风·黄鸟》就是秦国人民为哀悼“三良”及一百七十多个无辜牺牲者而创作的，表示了对残暴统治者的控诉与谴责。陶渊明的这首诗，则完全称赞三良的行为，其目的显然不在咏史，而是借咏三良之事，表彰张袆不肯毒死零陵王而自饮毒酒先死的尽忠行为。
全诗可分五个层次，每四句为一层。前面三个层次描述了“三良”怎样由贪仕而一步一步地走向誓愿追随君主于地下的，说“三良”终年殷勤服侍秦穆公，因而受到宠爱和信任，为了不忘厚恩，“三良”实践诺言，心甘情愿为秦穆公殉葬。第四层次赞颂了三良赴死的高义，这与陶渊明的“士为知己者死”的节义观是有关的。第五层次，诗人表达了《诗经·秦风·黄鸟》同样的悲悯。结尾说“泫然沾我衣”，其原因除了为三良的死而悲伤，为三良的忠情谬露（本不该流露，仕途险恶，伴君如伴虎）而遗憾外，恐怕更多的是对那惨绝人寰、灭绝人性时代的谴责，为良人的愚忠而悲哀。
从整体上看，作者是从仕途可畏这个角度来吟咏三良的。苏轼的《和陶咏三良》“仕宦岂不荣，有时缠忧悲。所以靖节翁，服此黔娄衣”最得此诗主旨。
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高适《
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东平留赠狄司马》
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李白《
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同吴王送杜秀芝赴举入京》
陶渊明简介
唐代·陶渊明的简介
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陶渊明（约365年—427年），字元亮，（又一说名潜，字渊明）号五柳先生，私谥“靖节”，东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族，东晋浔阳柴桑人（今江西九江）。曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居，田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材，相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。
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顾清
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山水皆言八曲幽，何人肯向雪中游。于今便合成嘉话，不待他年记某丘。