梅圣俞诗集序
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宋代]：欧阳修
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予闻世谓诗人少达而多穷，夫岂然哉？盖世所传诗者，多出于古穷人之辞也。凡士之蕴其所有，而不得施于世者，多喜自放于山巅水涯之外，见虫鱼草木风云鸟兽之状类，往往探其奇怪，内有忧思感愤之郁积，其兴于怨刺，以道羁臣寡妇之所叹，而写人情之难言。盖愈穷则愈工。然则非诗之能穷人，殆穷者而后工也。
予友梅圣俞，少以荫补为吏，累举进士，辄抑于有司，困于州县，凡十余年。年今五十，犹从辟书，为人之佐，郁其所蓄，不得奋见于事业。其家宛陵，幼习于诗，自为童子，出语已惊其长老。既长，学乎六经仁义之说，其为文章，简古纯粹，不求苟说于世。世之人徒知其诗而已。然时无贤愚，语诗者必求之圣俞；圣俞亦自以其不得志者，乐于诗而发之，故其平生所作，于诗尤多。世既知之矣，而未有荐于上者。昔王文康公尝见而叹曰：“二百年无此作矣！”虽知之深，亦不果荐也。若使其幸得用于朝廷，作为雅、颂，以歌咏大宋之功德，荐之清庙，而追商、周、鲁颂之作者，岂不伟欤！奈何使其老不得志，而为穷者之诗，乃徒发于虫鱼物类，羁愁感叹之言。世徒喜其工，不知其穷之久而将老也！可不惜哉！
圣俞诗既多，不自收拾。其妻之兄子谢景初，惧其多而易失也，取其自洛阳至于吴兴以来所作，次为十卷。予尝嗜圣俞诗，而患不能尽得之，遽喜谢氏之能类次也，辄序而藏之。
其后十五年，圣俞以疾卒于京师，余既哭而铭之，因索于其家，得其遗稿千余篇，并旧所藏，掇其尤者六百七十七篇，为一十五卷。呜呼！吾于圣俞诗论之详矣，故不复云。
庐陵欧阳修序。
梅圣俞诗集序创作背景
北宋诗人梅尧臣（字圣俞）一生颇不得意。诗作多反映社会矛盾和民生疾苦，风格平淡朴实，有矫正宋初靡丽倾向之意，对宋代诗风的转变有倡导和力行之功，甚受陆游等人的推重。
梅圣俞诗集序鉴赏
欧阳修这篇序文之所以历来受人推重，主要原因在于作者提出了“穷而后工”的创作思想。吴楚材等在《古文观止》中说：“‘穷而后工’四字，是欧公独创之言，实为千古不易之论。”欧阳修的“穷而后工”说，与司马迁的“发愤而作”说和韩愈的“不平则鸣”说，一脉相承，共同发挥着一种具有普遍意义的文学创作本原论。
“发愤而作”之语，源于司马迁的《史记·太史公自序》，他认为《周易》、《春秋》、《离骚》、《国语》、《孙子兵法》、《吕览》、《诗经》等，“大抵贤圣发愤而所为作也”，这是对《屈原·抽思》中“发愤以抒情”的继承和发展。李贽在《忠义水浒传序》中，对这一思想阐发得较简明：“古之圣贤，不愤则不作矣。不愤而作，譬如不寒而颤，不病而呻吟也，虽作何观乎！《水浒传》者，发愤之所作也。”蒲松龄也称自己的作品《聊斋志异》为“孤愤之书”。由此可见，“发愤而作”是中国文论的一个传统思想。
“不平则鸣”之说，语出韩愈《送孟东野序》：“大凡物不得其平则鸣，……人之言也亦然，有不得已者而后言，其歌也有思，其哭也有怀。”韩愈的这一“不得其平则鸣”，是对司马迁“发愤之所为作”的进一步发挥，对后世影响颇大。贺贻孙在《水田居遗书》文集卷三《诗余自序》中说：“风雅诸什，自今诵之以为和平，若在作者之旨，其初皆不平也！若使平焉，美刺讽诫何由生，而兴、观、群、怨何由起哉？”王国维《人间词话》亦云：“古诗云：‘谁能思不歌，谁能饥不食？’诗词者，物之不得其平而鸣者也。故‘欢愉之辞难工，愁苦之言易巧’。”由此可见，“不平则鸣”也是中国传统文论的一个重要思想。
欧阳修的《梅圣俞诗集序》第一段，主要从三个层面阐发了“穷而后工”的创作思想：一是认为“世所传诗者，多出于古穷人之辞”。这里的“穷”，指的是仕途坎坷、人生困厄。坎坷出诗人，困厄出诗人，从概率上看确实如此。二是强调“内有优思感愤之郁积”方能发而为诗。因为“穷”，才能感受真切、思悟深沉、感情激烈，这是文学创作必备的动力和源泉。三是肯定“愈穷则愈工”。工者，好也，美也。这让人想起了孟子的话：“天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志”，“困于心，衡于虑，而后作”。将以上三个层面联系起来看，那就是“穷”则“郁积”深厚、“优愤”强烈，故发而多能成为“愈工”的好诗。这是符合认识论、实践论、创作论的基本原理的。
从侧重点上看，“发愤而作”说强调创作需有一种强烈的激情，“不平则鸣”说强调这激情来之于心中的不平之气，而“穷而后工”说则强调这激情、这不平是源之于人生的穷困郁积。其实这三说在精神实质上是一致的，它们相互补充，相互发挥，共同建构了一个关于文学创作本源论的系统学说。文学创作，特别是诗歌创作的动力和源泉是什么？这三说都是聚焦于创作主体的内在积累和情感。胸中有，笔下才能有，这是必然。但这三者也没有排斥客观现实的本源意义：“愤”何以生？“不平”从何而来？特别是欧阳修强调“穷”，就把“愤”、“不平”与社会人生现实紧密联系在一起了。所以说，以“发愤而作”、“不平则鸣”、“穷而后工”三说为核心的中国传统文学创作本源论，是一个既抓住要领、又相当全面的学说，应当给予充分的肯定和发扬。
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柳宗元《
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小石城山记》
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柳宗元《
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钴鉧潭西小丘记》
欧阳修简介
唐代·欧阳修的简介
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欧阳修（1007－1072），字永叔，号醉翁，晚号“六一居士”。汉族，吉州永丰（今江西省永丰县）人，因吉州原属庐陵郡，以“庐陵欧阳修”自居。谥号文忠，世称欧阳文忠公。北宋政治家、文学家、史学家，与韩愈、柳宗元、王安石、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、曾巩合称“唐宋八大家”。后人又将其与韩愈、柳宗元和苏轼合称“千古文章四大家”。
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孤塔云烟外，荒蹊草莽间。
蓼花红糁碎，枫叶绛绡殷。