白沟行
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宋代]：王安石
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白沟河边蕃塞地，送迎蕃使年年事。
蕃马常来射狐兔，汉兵不道传烽燧。
万里鉏耰接塞垣，幽燕桑叶暗川原。
棘门灞上徒儿戏，李牧廉颇莫更论。
白沟行译文及注释
译文
白沟河是宋辽交界的边塞之地，年年都有送迎辽国使臣的事情。
辽国人常常借口打猎亲侵扰边界，边界上的驻军却不知道点燃烽火发出警报。
边塞护卫着广阔的农业生产地区，幽燕两州韵蚕桑生产又占宿极重要的地位。
可是边界上的守将对此毫无所知，他们把自己的工作当儿戏，如果想找像李牧、廉颇那样的良将，那就更是找不到了。
注释
白沟：宋辽之间的界河。西起沉远泊（今河北保定市北面），东至泥沽海口（今天津市塘沽南面），河、泊相连，弯弯曲曲达900里。
蕃：指辽国。塞，边塞。
送迎蕃使：自宋真宗景德元年（1004）起，北宋每年要向辽交纳大量银绢以为“岁币”，两国岁岁通使往来。故诗中云“年年事”。
蕃马：指辽国军人。射狐兔：狩猎野兽，实际是指辽军越境骚扰。
不道：不说，不认为有必要。烽燧：烽火，边境上报警的信号。《汉书·贾谊传》：“斥候望烽燧不得息。”文颖曰：“边方备胡寇，作高土橹，橹上作桔皋，桔皋头兜零，以薪草置其中，常低之，有寇即火然举之以相告，曰烽。又多积薪，寇至即燃之，以望其烟，曰燧。”这两句说明宋军对辽国的防御十分麻痹松懈。
鉏（chú）：同锄。耰（yōu）：古代用来平整土地和覆盖种子的农具。接塞垣：延伸到了边界地区。
幽燕：指今北京市、天津市、河北北部一带地区。桑叶：代指农桑，即庄稼，暗川原：山川原野一片翠绿。这两句叙述经过辽国占领区所见的情景。幽燕自古以来就是中国领土，这片沃土现在却成了辽国的粮仓。
棘门：原为秦京宫门，在今陕西咸阳市东北，公元158年，匈奴大举进犯，汉文帝派遣徐厉驻守棘门、灞上：在今陕西西安市东面，是军事要地，文帝令刘礼领兵驻守。同时，文帝又派周业大驻兵细柳。细柳在今咸阳市西南渭河北岸。文帝在巡视了三个驻地以后，认为细柳营军纪严明，是不可侵犯的部队，说“灞上、棘门军，若儿戏尔，其将（即徐厉、刘礼）固可袭血虏也。”（见《史记·绛侯周勃世家》，周亚夫是周勃的儿子）。
李牧、廉颇：都是战国时期赵国（都城在今河北邯郸市）名将，都曾打败过北方的强敌。这两句是批评当时北宋派去防辽的边将庸碌无能，松松垮垮，名为防敌，实同“儿戏”，只是徐厉、刘礼之辈，更无法同李牧、廉颇相提并论。
参考资料：
1、蒋学浚．历代爱国诗词鉴赏．北京：石油工业出版社，2001：99~101
2、朱仲玉．历代江西诗人作品选：江西人民出版社，1983年05月第1版：第99页
白沟行创作背景
宋嘉祐四年（1059，一说是公元1060年），王安石奉命出使辽国，来回经过白沟，有感而写了这首古体诗。
参考资料：
1、高克勤．王安石诗文选评．上海：上海古籍出版社，2002：90
2、蒋学浚．历代爱国诗词鉴赏．北京：石油工业出版社，2001：99~101
白沟行鉴赏
作者了解到当时边境两边辽国人常来汉地侵扰而北宋军队却轻敌麻痹的情况；目睹了宋边疆一望万里，都是无险可守的农田，而辽国地区桑林密密遮蔽着河川原野的现状。这一强烈的反差给作者以很大震撼，诗中以南北边境地区的情况作对比，届时除了宋朝边防松懈、无险可守，而辽国则深不可测、暗伏杀机的严峻现实。
前四句写宋朝实行妥协、退让、苟安政策，划白沟为界，使白沟河河北尽成辽地，并且年年在这里迎送辽使；但辽方仍不断骚扰边境，而宋却放松戒备，不知报警。后四句发抒感慨，诗人先歌颂祖国包括幽燕之地在内的万里山河，接着借用史实，指责宋朝边将视边防如同儿戏，实际上也是批评轻视边防不用良将的宋朝统治者。最后两句“棘门灞上徒儿戏，李牧廉颇莫更论”，总结全诗，揭示了山河残破、边塞失防问题的症结之所在，深刻有力，不仅在当时有现实意义，对后世也有一定的警戒作用。
这首诗在写作上也很有特色。写实和议论，写实简明，议论独到；古今将领比较，形象鲜明，含意深远；结构上由表及里，步步深入，十分严谨；用韵上以四句转韵，平仄韵相递，既转得自然，又使层次更加清晰。这些都值得读者留意。
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王安石《
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白沟行》
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温庭筠《
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达摩支曲》
王安石简介
唐代·王安石的简介
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王安石（1021年12月18日－1086年5月21日），字介甫，号半山，谥文，封荆国公。世人又称王荆公。汉族，北宋抚州临川人（今江西省抚州市临川区邓家巷人），中国北宋著名政治家、思想家、文学家、改革家，唐宋八大家之一。欧阳修称赞王安石：“翰林风月三千首，吏部文章二百年。老去自怜心尚在，后来谁与子争先。”传世文集有《王临川集》、《临川集拾遗》等。其诗文各体兼擅，词虽不多，但亦擅长，且有名作《桂枝香》等。而王荆公最得世人哄传之诗句莫过于《泊船瓜洲》中的“春风又绿江南岸，明月何时照我还。”
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明代：
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张家玉
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凛烈寒威战碧苍，萧萧原野尽荒凉。秾桃嫩李纷零落，独看青松不避霜。