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《桃源行》鉴赏_王维作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/pykjmxsj.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 翰韵典库
首页 > 诗文 > 桃源行 > 鉴赏

《桃源行》鉴赏

原文

渔舟逐水爱山春,两岸桃花夹古津。

坐看红树不知远,行尽青溪不见人。

山口潜行始隈隩,山开旷望旋平陆。

遥看一处攒云树,近入千家散花竹。

樵客初传汉姓名,居人未改秦衣服。

居人共住武陵源,还从物外起田园。

月明松下房栊静,日出云中鸡犬喧。

惊闻俗客争来集,竞引还家问都邑。

平明闾巷扫花开,薄暮渔樵乘水入。

初因避地去人间,及至成仙遂不还。

峡里谁知有人事,世中遥望空云山。

不疑灵境难闻见,尘心未尽思乡县。

出洞无论隔山水,辞家终拟长游衍。

自谓经过旧不迷,安知峰壑今来变。

当时只记入山深,青溪几度到云林。

春来遍是桃花水,不辨仙源何处寻。

赏析

  这是王维十九岁时写的一首七言乐府诗,题材取自陶渊明的叙事散文《桃花源记》。清代吴乔在《围炉诗话》中曾说:“意思,犹五谷也。文,则炊而为饭;诗,则酿而为酒也。”好的诗应当像醇酒,读后能令人陶醉。因此,要将散文的内容改用诗歌表现出来,决不仅仅是一个改变语言形式的问题,还必须进行艺术再创造。王维这首《桃源行》,正是由于成功地进行了这种艺术上的再创造,因而具有独立的艺术价值,得以与散文《桃花源记》并世流传。

  《桃源行》所进行的艺术再创造,主要表现在开拓诗的意境;而这种诗的意境,又主要通过一幅幅形象的画面体现出来。

  诗一开始,就展现了一幅“渔舟逐水”的生动画面:远山近水,红树青溪,一叶渔舟,在夹岸的桃花林中悠悠行进。诗人用艳丽的色调,绘出了一派大好春光,为渔人“坐看红树”、“行尽青溪”作了铺陈。这里,绚烂的景色和盎然的意兴融成一片优美的诗的境界,而事件的开端也蕴含其中了。散文中所必不可少的交代:“晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业,缘溪行,忘路之远近……”在诗中都成了酿“酒”的原材料,化为言外意、画外音,让读者自己去想象、去体会了。在画面与画面之间,诗人巧妙地用一些概括性、过渡性的描叙,来牵引连结,并提供线索,引导着读者的想象,循着情节的发展向前推进。“山口”、“山开”两句,便起到了这样的作用。它通过概括描叙,使读者想象到渔人弃舟登岸、进入幽曲的山口蹑足潜行,到眼前豁然开朗、发现桃源的经过。这样,读者的想象便跟着进入了桃源,被自然地引向下一幅画面。这时,桃源的全景呈现在人们面前了:远处高大的树木像是攒聚在蓝天白云里,近处满眼则是遍生于千家的繁花、茂竹。这两句,由远及近,云、树、花、竹,相映成趣,美不胜收。画面中,透出了和平、恬静的气氛和欣欣向荣的生机,让读者驰骋想象,去领悟、去意会,去思而得之,而所谓诗的韵致、“酒”的醇味,也就蕴含其中了。接着,读者又可以想象到,渔人一步步进入这幅图画,开始见到了其中的人物。“樵客初传汉姓名,居人未改秦衣服。”写出了桃源中人发现外来客的惊奇和渔人乍见“居人”所感到服饰上的明显不同,隐括了散文中“不知有汉,无论魏晋”的意思。

  中间十二句,是全诗的主要部分。“居人共住武陵源”,承上而来,另起一层意思,然后点明这是“物外起田园”。接着,便连续展现了桃源中一幅幅景物画面和生活画面。月光,松影,房栊沉寂,桃源之夜一片静谧;太阳,云彩,鸡鸣犬吠,桃源之晨一片喧闹。两幅画面,各具情趣。夜景全是静物,晨景全取动态,充满着诗情画意,表现出王维独特的艺术风格。渔人,这位不速之客的闯入,使桃源中人感到意外。“惊闻”二句也是一幅形象的画面,不过画的不是景物而是人物。“惊”、“争”、“集”、“竞”、“问”等一连串动词,把人们的神色动态和感情心理刻画得活灵活现,表现出桃源中人淳朴、热情的性格和对故土的关心。“平明”二句进一步描写桃源的环境和生活之美好。“扫花开”、“乘水入”,紧扣住了桃花源景色的特点。“初因避地去人间,及至成仙遂不还”两句叙事,追述了桃源的来历;“峡里谁知有人事,世间遥望空云山”,在叙事中夹入情韵悠长的咏叹,文势活跃多姿。

  最后一层,诗的节奏加快。作者紧紧扣住人物的心理活动,将渔人离开桃源、怀念桃源、再寻桃源以及峰壑变幻、遍寻不得、怅惘无限这许多内容,一口气抒写下来,情、景、事在这里完全融合在一起了。“不疑”六句,在叙述过程中,对渔人轻易离开“灵境”流露了惋惜之意,对云山路杳的“仙源”则充满了向往之情。然而,时过境迁,旧地难寻,桃源已不知在何处了。这时,只剩下了一片迷惘。最后四句,作为全诗的尾声,与开头遥相照应。开头是无意迷路而偶从迷中得之,结尾则是有意不迷而反从迷中失之,令读者感喟不已。“春来遍是桃花水”,诗笔飘忽,意境迷茫,给人留下了无穷的回味。

  将这首《桃源行》诗与陶渊明《桃花源记》作比较,可以说二者都很出色,各有特点。散文长于叙事,讲究文理文气,故事有头有尾,时间、地点、人物、事件都交代得具体清楚。而这些,在诗中都没有具体写到,却又使人可以从诗的意境中想象到。诗中展现的是一个个画面,造成诗的意境,调动读者的想象力,去想象、玩味那画面以外的东西,并从中获得一种美的感受。这就是诗之所以为诗的原因。

  王维这首诗中把桃源说成“灵境”、“仙源”,现代的人多有非议。其实,诗中的“灵境”,也有云、树、花、竹、鸡犬、房舍以及闾巷、田园,桃源中人也照样日出而作,日入而息,处处洋溢着人间田园生活的气息。它反映了王维青年时代美好的生活理想,其主题思想,与散文《桃花源记》基本上是一致的。

  这首诗通过形象的画面来开拓诗境,可以说,是王维“诗中有画”的特色在早年作品中的反映。此外,全诗三十二句,四句或六句一换韵,平仄相间,转换有致。诗的笔力舒健,从容雅致,游刃有余,颇为后人称道。清代王士禛说:“唐宋以来,作《桃源行》最佳者,王摩诘(王维)、韩退之(韩愈)、王介甫(王安石)三篇。观退之、介甫二诗,笔力意思甚可喜。及读摩诘诗,多少自在;二公便如努力挽强,不免面红耳热,此盛唐所以高不可及。”(《池北偶谈》)这“多少自在”四字,便是极高的评价。翁方纲也极口推崇说,这首诗“古今咏桃源事者,至右丞而造极。”(《石洲诗话》)这正是结论性的评价。

王维简介

唐代·王维的简介


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王维


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王维(701年-761年,一说699年—761年),字摩诘,汉族,河东蒲州(今山西运城)人,祖籍山西祁县,唐朝诗人,有“诗佛”之称。苏轼评价其:“味摩诘之诗,诗中有画;观摩诘之画,画中有诗。”开元九年(721年)中进士,任太乐丞。王维是盛唐诗人的代表,今存诗400余首,重要诗作有《相思》《山居秋暝》等。王维精通佛学,受禅宗影响很大。佛教有一部《维摩诘经》,是王维名和字的由来。王维诗书画都很有名,非常多才多艺,音乐也很精通。与孟浩然合称“王孟”。