《司马错论伐蜀》翻译及注释
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两汉：刘向
司马错与张仪争论于秦惠王前，司马错欲伐蜀，张仪曰：“不如伐韩。”王曰：“请闻其说。”
译文： 司马错和张仪在秦惠王面前进行了一场争论。司马错要攻打蜀国，张仪说：“不如攻打韩国。”秦惠王说：“请你们说说各自的见解，让我听听。”
注释： 司马错：秦将，公元前316年率兵伐蜀，前301年再次出蜀平定叛乱。张仪：魏国贵族后代，战国时著名纵横家。秦惠王（即秦惠文王，前337年至前311年在位）十年（前328年）为秦相，曾以连横政策游说各国，有功于秦，封武信君。
对曰：“亲魏善楚，下兵三川，塞轘辕、缑氏之口，当屯留之道，魏绝南阳，楚临南郑，秦攻新城宜阳，以临二周之郊，诛周主之罪，侵楚魏之地。周自知不救，九鼎宝器必出。据九鼎，按图籍，挟天子以令天下，天下莫敢不听，此王业也。今夫蜀，西僻之国也，而戎狄之长也，敝兵劳众不足以成名，得其地不足以为利。臣闻：‘争名者于朝，争利者于市。’今三川、周室，天下之市朝也，而王不争焉，顾争于戎狄，去王业远矣。”
译文： 张仪回答说：“应先与魏、楚两国表示亲善，然后出兵三川，堵塞辕、缑氏两个隘口，挡住通向屯留的路，让魏国出兵切断南阳的通路，楚国派兵逼近南郑，而秦国的军队则攻击新城和宜阳，兵临二周的近郊，声讨周君的罪行，（随后）乘机侵占楚、魏两国的土地。周王室知道已经不能拯救自身，一定会交出九鼎和宝器。我们占有了九鼎，掌握地图和户籍，挟持周天子，用他的名义来号令天下，天下没有敢于违抗的，这就能建立王业了。如今，蜀国是西边偏僻（落后）的国家，戎狄为首领。攻打蜀国，会使士兵疲惫，使百姓劳苦，却不能以此来建立名望；即使夺取了那里的土地，也算不得什么利益。我听说：‘争名的要在朝廷上争，争利的要在市场上争。’现在的三川地区和周王室，正是整个天下的大市场和朝廷，大王不去争夺，反而与那些野蛮的人争夺名利，这就离帝王之业远了。”
注释： 下兵：出兵。三川：指当时韩国境内黄河、伊水、洛水三水流经的地区，在今河南省黄河以南、灵宝市东部一带。轘（huan,二声）辕、缑(gou,四声)氏：当时的两个军事要地。二周：指战国时周室分裂而成的两个小国东周、西周。东周都城在今河南省巩义市西南，西周都城在今河南省洛阳市西。戎狄：古代对西部落后少数民族的泛称。
司马错曰：“不然。臣闻之：‘欲富国者，务广其地；欲强兵者，务富其民；欲王者，务博其德。三资者备，而王随之矣。’今王之地小民贫，故臣愿从事于易。夫蜀，西僻之国也，而戎狄之长也，而有桀纣之乱。以秦攻之，譬如使豺狼逐群羊也。取其地足以广国也，得其财足以富民，缮兵不伤众，而彼已服矣。故拔一国，而天下不以为暴；利尽西海，诸侯不以为贪。是我一举而名实两附，而又有禁暴止乱之名。今攻韩劫天子，劫天子，恶名也，而未必利也，又有不义之名。而攻天下之所不欲，危！臣请谒其故：周，天下之宗室也；韩，周之与国也。周自知失九鼎，韩自知亡三川，则必将二国并力合谋，以因于齐、赵而求解乎楚、魏。以鼎与楚，以地与魏，王不能禁。此臣所谓危，不如伐蜀之完也。”
译文： 司马错说：“不对。我听到过这样的话：‘想使国家富庶，一定要扩大他的领地，想使军队强大的一定让他的百姓富足，想建立王业的一定要广布他的恩德。这三个条件具备了，那么，王业就会随之实现了。’现在大王的土地少，百姓贫困，所以我希望大王先从容易办的事做起。蜀国是西边偏僻的国家，以戎狄为首领，而且有像桀、纣一样的祸乱。用秦国的军队前往攻打，就如同用豺狼驱赶羊群一样。得到它的土地，能够扩大秦国的疆域;得到它的财富，能够使百姓富足，整治军队又不伤害百姓，蜀国已经归服了。因此，夺取了蜀国，但天下人不认为我们暴虐；取尽了蜀国的财富，诸侯国也不认为我们贪婪。这就是说，我们用兵一次，就能名利双收，还能得到除暴、平乱的好名声。如果现在去攻打韩国，胁迫周天子，胁迫周天子必然招致坏名声，而且不一定有利，又有不义的名声。去进攻天下人都不希望进攻的地方，这是很危险的！请允许我讲明这个缘故：周王室，现在还是天下的宗室；韩国，是周国的友好邻邦。如果周天子自己知道要失去九鼎，韩王自己知道要丧失三川，那么，两国一定会联合起来，共同采取对策，依靠齐国和赵国，并且向楚、魏两国求援，以解除危难。把九鼎送给楚国，把土地送给魏国，大王是不能阻止的。这就是我所说的危险，不如攻打蜀国那样万无一失。”
惠王曰：“善！寡人听子。”卒起兵伐蜀，十月取之，遂定蜀，蜀主更号为侯，而使陈庄相蜀。蜀既属，秦益强富厚，轻诸侯。
译文： 秦惠王说：“很对。我采纳你的意见。”结果，出兵进攻蜀国。十月夺取了那里的土地，然后平定了蜀国。蜀国的君主改称为侯，秦国派遣陈庄去辅佐蜀侯。蜀国归附以后，秦国就更加强大富庶，看不起其他诸侯国了。
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苏轼《
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乞校正陆贽奏议进御札子》
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司马迁《
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酷吏列传序》
刘向简介
唐代·刘向的简介
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刘向（约前77—前6） 原名更生，字子政，祖籍沛郡（今属江苏徐州）人。西汉经学家、目录学家、文学家。刘向的散文主要是秦疏和校雠古书的“叙录”，较有名的有《谏营昌陵疏》和《战国策叙录》，叙事简约，理论畅达、舒缓平易是其主要特色。