《岁暮和张常侍》翻译及注释
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魏晋：陶渊明
市朝凄旧人，骤骥感悲泉。
译文：朝廷旧人死散令人悲伤，时光匆匆而为日落感叹。
注释：岁暮：指除夕。常侍：是常在皇帝左右侍候的官职。东汉末有个十常侍之乱，那些人都是宦官，到魏晋的时候，中常侍和散骑（皇帝的骑从）合称散骑常侍，这时候是正式的官职了，不再是宦官担任，它的主要职责是顾问、讽谏一类。张常侍：王叔岷本说是张野，袁行霈、龚斌、魏正申等认为是张诠。市朝：本指人众会集之处，这里指朝廷官府。《华阳国志》：“京师，天下之市朝也。”陶渊明《感士不遇赋》：“阎阎懈廉退之节，市朝驱易进之心。”凄：悲。旧人：有双关意，一指亡故之人，一指仕晋僚臣。骤骥：疾奔的千里马，这里指迅速运行的太阳。悲泉：日落之处。《淮南子·天文训》：“（日）至于悲泉，爱止其女，爱息其马。”这句是说人生易逝，光阴迅速。
明旦非今日，岁暮余何言！
译文：明朝升起已非今日太阳，年岁已暮我又能有何言！
注释：旦：早晨。何言：有什么话好说。
素颜敛光润，白发一己繁。
译文：平日容颜已收敛起光润，并且早已见白发更增添。
注释：素颜：谓脸色苍白。敛光润：收敛起光泽，指面容憔悴，没有光泽。一：语助词、无义。繁：多。
阔哉秦穆谈，旅力岂未愆！
译文：秦穆公言谈真可称迂阔，人老怎能说膂力未耗散？
注释：“阔哉”二句：反用《尚书》典故。阔：迂阔。秦穆：即秦穆公，秦国的国君。旅：同“膂（lǚ）”，脊梁骨。旅力，即体力。愆：丧失。《尚书·秦誓》记秦穆公说：“番番（pópó）良士，旅力既惩，我尚有之。”（番番：同“皤皤”，白发貌）是说头发花白的将士，已经丧失了体力，而我尚有力。这里反用其意，是说年老衰弱，体力怎能不丧失呢？所以说秦穆之谈为迂阔。
向夕长风起，寒云没西山。
译文：傍晚来临刮起阵阵长风，只见层层寒云笼罩西山。
注释：向夕：将近傍晚。长风：犹“强风”。没：湮没，遮盖。
洌洌气遂严，纷纷飞鸟还。
译文：冽冽寒气吹来越来越冷，那飞鸟也已经纷纷回还。
注释：冽冽：形容寒冷的样子。一作“厉厉”。严：重。
民生鲜长在，矧伊愁苦缠。
译文：人生本来很少能够长寿，何况常常会被愁苦纠缠。
注释：鲜：少。矧况且。伊：语助词，无义。
屡阙清酤至，无以乐当年。
译文：屡缺清酒常常无酒可饮，而无从快乐在今时此年。
注释：屡阙：经常缺。阙：同“缺”。清酤：指酒。
穷通靡攸虑，憔悴由化迁。
译文：穷困显达本来不去考虑，容颜憔悴听任自然变迁。
注释：穷通：穷困与通达。靡：无。攸：所。憔悴：面色黄瘦。这里指衰老。由化迁：听随大自然的变迁，深怀：深刻的感怀。
抚己有深怀，履运增慨然。
译文：时常自问很有深刻感慨，逢到岁终又添一重伤感。
注释：抚己：检点自己，回顾自身。履运：指逢年过节之时。慨然：感慨、感叹的样子。
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王安石《
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午枕》
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鲍照《
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代东门行》
陶渊明简介
唐代·陶渊明的简介
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陶渊明（约365年—427年），字元亮，（又一说名潜，字渊明）号五柳先生，私谥“靖节”，东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族，东晋浔阳柴桑人（今江西九江）。曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居，田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材，相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。