《悲从弟仲德》翻译及注释
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魏晋：陶渊明
衔哀过旧宅，悲泪应心零。
译文：凭吊旧宅含悲痛，心伤难止泪飘零。
注释：从弟：同祖父的弟弟，即堂弟。敬德：一作“仲德”。按陶渊明另一位从弟名“敬远”，当以“敬德”为可信。其生平事迹不详。衔哀：心怀哀痛。三国魏嵇康《养生论》：“终朝未餐，则嚣然思食；而曾子衔哀，七日不饥。”衔，含。过：访，探望。这里有凭吊之意。旧宅：指柴桑敬德的旧居。悲泪：悲伤的眼泪。应：随着。零：落下。
借问为谁悲？怀人在九冥。
译文：问我如今为谁悲？所怀之人在幽冥。
注释：借问：古诗中常见的假设性问语。一般用于上句，下句即作者自答。怀人：所怀念的人。九冥：犹“九泉”，指阴间。
礼服名群从，恩爱若同生。
译文：按礼成服为堂弟，恩情不减同胞生。
注释：礼服：指五服亲疏关系。古代按血统的亲疏关系，把服丧的礼服分为五个等级，叫五服。群：众。从：指堂房亲属。如堂兄弟称从兄弟，堂伯叔称从伯叔。同生：谓同父所生。《国语·晋语四》：“其同生而异姓者，四母之子别为十二姓。”
门前执手时，何意尔先倾！
译文：门前执手话别时，谁料你会先凋殒。
注释：执手：握手告别。何意：哪里料到。尔：你。倾：指死。
在数竟不免，为山不及成。
译文：天数命定不免死，建功立业竟未成。
注释：在数：谓由于天数。数，指自然的定数。一作“毁”。竟不免：终不免于死。不，一作“未”。为山：指建立功业。
慈母沈哀疚，二胤才数龄。
注释：慈母哀伤心沉痛，二子尚且是幼童。沈：同“沉”。哀疚：悲痛。多指居丧。疚，内心痛苦。二胤：两个孩子。胤：子嗣，后代。
双位委空馆，朝夕无哭声。
译文：夫妻灵位置空馆，早晚寂寞无哭声。
注释：双位：夫妻灵位，指仲德与其妻之灵位。位，一作“泣”。委：置。朝夕：犹言从早到晚，整天。形容长时间。
流尘集虚坐，宿草旅前庭。
译文：灰尘堆积在空座，隔年杂草生前庭。
注释：流尘：指灰尘。集：聚，落满。虚坐：空座。坐，通“座”。宿草：隔年的草。旅：寄生。一作“依”。前庭：正屋前的庭院。
阶除旷游迹，园林独馀情。
译文：台阶荒废无踪迹，唯有园林留遗情。
注释：阶除；台阶。旷：空缺，荒废。游迹：行走的踪迹。指敬德而言。独：唯有。余情：遗留下来的情意。
翳然乘化去，终天不复形。
译文：暗随自然消逝去，终古不再见身形。
注释：翳然：隐晦的样子，即暗暗地。乘化去：顺应自然的变化而逝去。化，造化。终天：终古，永久。谓如天之久远无穷。形：指形体。
迟迟将回步，恻恻悲襟盈。
译文：脚步沉重缓缓归，忧伤悲痛泪沾襟。
注释：迟迟：这里形容不忍离去而行走迟缓的样子。恻恻：悲痛；凄凉。襟盈：满怀。襟：襟怀。盈：满。悲襟盈，一作“襟涕盈”。
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陶渊明《
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悲从弟仲德》
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孔融《
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临终诗》
陶渊明简介
唐代·陶渊明的简介
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陶渊明（约365年—427年），字元亮，（又一说名潜，字渊明）号五柳先生，私谥“靖节”，东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族，东晋浔阳柴桑人（今江西九江）。曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居，田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材，相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。