《吊屈原赋》翻译及注释
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两汉：贾谊
谊为长沙王太傅，既以谪去，意不自得；及度湘水，为赋以吊屈原。屈原，楚贤臣也。被谗放逐，作《离骚》赋，其终篇曰：“已矣哉！国无人兮，莫我知也。”遂自投汨罗而死。谊追伤之，因自喻，其辞曰：
译文： 贾谊做了长沙王的太傅，已经由于被贬谪离开京城，自己感到很不得意；等到坐船渡过湘水的时候，就写了一篇赋来凭吊屈原。屈原是楚国的贤能之臣。遭受谗言的诬陷而被放逐，作了离《离骚》这篇文章，文章的结尾说：“算了罢，国家没有一个正直贤能的人，没有一个人了解我啊”于是就跳到汨罗江自杀了。贾谊我追念感伤这件事情，借此来比喻自己，那文章的词句说：
注释： 长沙王：指西汉长沙王吴芮的玄孙吴差。太傅：官名，对诸侯王行监护之责。谪：贬官湘水：在今湖南境内，注入洞庭湖。贾谊由京都长安赴长沙必渡湘水。《离骚》赋：楚辞既称辞也称赋。汨罗：水名，湘水支流，在今湖南岳阳市境内。因自喻：借以自比。
恭承嘉惠兮，俟罪长沙；侧闻屈原兮，自沉汨罗。造讬湘流兮，敬吊先生；遭世罔极兮，乃殒厥身。呜呼哀哉！逢时不祥。鸾凤伏竄兮，鸱枭翱翔。闒茸尊显兮，谗谀得志；贤圣逆曳兮，方正倒植。世谓随、夷为溷兮，谓跖、蹻为廉；莫邪为钝兮，铅刀为銛。吁嗟默默，生之无故兮；斡弃周鼎，宝康瓠兮。腾驾罷牛，骖蹇驴兮；骥垂两耳，服盐车兮。章甫荐履，渐不可久兮；嗟苦先生，独离此咎兮。
译文： 恭敬地承受这美好的恩惠啊，到长沙去做官。途中听说屈原啊，自己沉到汨罗江自杀了。到了这湘江后写一篇文章投到江水中啊，（我）恭敬的凭吊屈原先生，（你）遭受了世间无尽的谗言啊，乃至毁灭了自己的生命。唉！唉！遭逢的时代不好啊。鸾鸟凤凰躲避流窜啊，猫头鹰却在高空翱翔。宦官内臣尊贵显耀啊，用谗言奉承阿谀的人能得志；贤才能臣无法立足啊，端方正派的人却郁郁不得志。世人都认为卞随、伯夷恶浊啊，认为盗跖、庄蹻廉洁，（认为）宝剑莫邪粗钝啊，铅质的刀锋利。慨叹抱负无法施展，屈原你无故遇祸啊！这就好比是抛弃了周鼎，而把瓦盆当成了宝物啊；乘坐、驾驶疲牛，使跛驴作骖啊，反让骏马吃力的去拖盐车啊；帽冠低居在下，鞋履反高高再上；这种倒行逆施的行为是不会长久的。慨叹先生你真不幸啊，竟遭遇到这样的祸难！”
注释： 恭承：敬受。嘉惠：美好的恩惠，指文帝的任命。俟罪：待罪，这里是谦词。侧闻：谦词，说不是正面听到，尊敬的说法。造：到。讬：同“托”，寄托。先生：指屈原，古人单称先生而不称名，表示尊敬。罔极：没有准则。殒：殁，死亡。厥：其，指屈原。不祥：不幸。伏窜：潜伏，躲藏。鸱枭：猫头鹰一类的鸟，古人认为是不吉祥的鸟，此喻小人。翱翔：比喻得志升迁。闒：小门。茸：小草。逆曳：被倒着拖拉，指不被重用。倒植：倒立，指本应居高位反居下位。随：卞随，商代的贤士。夷：伯夷。二者都是古贤人的代表。溷：混浊。跖：春秋时鲁国人，传说他是大盗。蹻：庄蹻，战国时楚国将领，庄蹻接受楚顷襄王之命开辟云南，后来退路被秦国斩断，他回不来就在云南做了王，客观上背叛了楚国。传说中这两个人成为“坏人”的代表。莫邪：古代宝剑名。铅刀：软而钝的刀。铦：锋利。默默：不得志的样子。生：指屈原。无故：《文选》注谓“无故遇此祸也”。斡：旋转。斡弃：抛弃。周鼎：比喻栋梁之材。康瓠：瓦罐，比喻庸才。腾驾：驾驭。骖：古代四马驾一车，中间的两匹叫服，两边的叫骖。蹇：跛脚。服：驾。《战国策·楚策》：“夫骥之齿至矣，服盐车而上太行，中坂纤延，负辕不能上。”骥是骏马，用骏马来拉盐车，比喻糟蹋有才能的人。章甫：古代的一种礼帽。荐：垫。履：鞋。章甫荐履：用礼貌来垫鞋子。渐：逐渐，这里指时间短暂。离：通“罹”，遭遇。咎：灾祸。
讯曰：已矣！国其莫我知兮，独壹郁其谁语？凤漂漂其高逝兮，固自引而远去。袭九渊之神龙兮，沕深潜以自珍；偭蟂獭以隐处兮，夫岂从虾与蛭蟥？所贵圣人之神德兮，远浊世而自藏；使骐骥可得系而羁兮，岂云异夫犬羊？般纷纷其离此尤兮，亦夫子之故也。历九州而其君兮，何必怀此都也？凤凰翔于千仞兮，览德辉而下之；见细德之险徵兮，遥曾击而去之。彼寻常之污渎兮，岂能容夫吞舟之巨鱼？横江湖之鳣鲸兮，固将制于蝼蚁。
译文： 总之：算了吧！整个国家没有一个人了解我啊，一个人独自忧愁抑郁能够和谁说呢？凤凰飘飘然向高处飞去啊，自己本来就打算远走高飞。效法深渊中的神龙啊，深深地潜藏在渊底来保护自己；弃离了蟂獭去隐居啊，怎么能够跟从蛤蟆与水蛭、蚯蚓？我所认为珍贵的东西是圣人的神明德行啊，要远离污浊的世界而自己隐居起来；假使骐骥也能够被束缚而受羁绊啊，怎么能够说与狗和羊有分别呢？盘桓在这样混乱的世上遭受祸难啊，也是您的原因。无论到哪里都能辅佐君主啊，又何必留恋国都呢？凤凰在千仞的高空翱翔啊，看到人君道德闪耀出的光辉才降落下来；看到德行卑鄙的人显出的危险征兆啊，就远远的高飞而去。那窄窄的小水沟啊，怎么能够容下吞舟的巨鱼？横行江湖的鳣鱼、鲸鱼，（出水后）也将受制于蝼蚁。
注释： 讯曰：告曰。相当于《楚辞》的“乱曰”。巳矣：“算了吧”之意。壹郁：同“抑郁”。漂漂：同“飘飘”，飞翔貌。高逝：飞得高高的。自引：自己升高。袭：效法。九渊：九重渊，深渊。沕：深潜的样子。偭：面向。蟂獭：水獭一类的动物。从：跟随。虾：蛤蟆。蛭：水蛭，蚂蟥一类。螾：同“蚓”，蚯蚓。这两句是说面向蟂獭一类动物隐居，不与蛤蟆、水蛭、蚯蚓一类小虫为伍。系：用绳系住。羁：用络头络住。这两句的意思是能够停留的地方就停留，就像犬、羊哪样。般：久。纷纷：乱纷纷的样子。尤：祸患。夫子：指屈原。意思是说屈原自己该走不走，长久停留在那乱纷纷的地方，怎么不会遭祸呢。历：走遍。相：考察。此都：指楚国都城郢。这是贾谊为屈原提的建议，要他到处走一走，看到有贤君才停下来帮助他。千仞：极言其高。仞，七尺为一仞。览：看到。德辉：指君主道德的光辉。细德：细末之德，指品德低下的国君。险征：危险的征兆。曾击：高翔。曾，高飞的样子。去：离开。污渎：污水沟。鱣：鲟一类的大鱼。鲸：鲸鱼。固：本来。《庄子·庚桑楚》：“吞舟之鱼，砀而失水，则蝼蚁苦之。”
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李白《
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上李邕》
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毛泽东《
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水调歌头·重上井冈山》
贾谊简介
唐代·贾谊的简介
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贾谊（前200～前168），汉族，洛阳（今河南省洛阳市东）人，字太傅。西汉初年著名的政论家、文学家。18岁即有才名，年轻时由河南郡守吴公推荐，20余岁被文帝召为博士。不到一年被破格提为太中大夫。但是在23岁时，因遭群臣忌恨，被贬为长沙王的太傅。后被召回长安，为梁怀王太傅。梁怀王坠马而死后，贾谊深自歉疚，直至33岁忧伤而死。其著作主要有散文和辞赋两类。散文如《过秦论》、《论积贮疏》、《陈政事疏》等都很有名；辞赋以《吊屈原赋》、《鵩鸟赋》最著名。